Title and Copyright Information
 
About This Manual
Audience
New and Changed Features
Organization
Related Documentation
Reader's Comments
Conventions
 
1    Getting Started
1.1    Logging In
1.1.1    Login Restrictions
1.2    Logging Out
1.3    Using Commands
1.4    Stopping Command Execution
1.5    Setting Your Password
1.5.1    Password Aging
1.5.2    Password Guidelines
1.5.3    Choosing Passwords
1.5.3.1    Selecting a System-Generated Password
1.5.3.2    Selecting Your Own Password
1.5.4    Password Procedures
1.6    Getting Help
1.6.1    Displaying and Printing Online Reference Pages (man)
1.6.2    Locating Commands Using Descriptive Keywords
 
2    Overview of Files and Directories
2.1    Overview of Text Editors
2.2    Creating Sample Files with the vi Text Editor
2.3    Understanding Files, Directories and Pathnames
2.3.1    Files and File Names
2.3.2    Directories and Subdirectories
2.3.3    Displaying the Name of Your Current (Working) Directory (pwd)
2.3.4    The Tree-Structure File System and Pathnames
2.4    Specifying Files with Pattern Matching
 
3    Managing Files
3.1    Listing Files (ls)
3.1.1    Listing Contents of the Current Directory
3.1.2    Listing Contents of Other Directories
3.1.3    Flags Used with the ls Command
3.2    Displaying Files
3.2.1    Displaying Files Without Formatting (pg, more, cat)
3.2.2    Displaying Files with Formatting (pr)
3.3    Printing Files (lpr, lpq, lprm)
3.4    Linking Files (ln)
3.4.1    Hard Links and Soft Links
3.4.2    Links and File Systems
3.4.3    Using Links
3.4.4    How Links Work - Understanding File Names and File Serial Numbers
3.4.5    Removing Links
3.5    Copying Files (cp)
3.5.1    Copying Files in the Current Directory
3.5.2    Copying Files into Other Directories
3.6    Renaming or Moving Files (mv)
3.6.1    Renaming Files
3.6.2    Moving Files into a Different Directory
3.7    Comparing Files (diff)
3.8    Sorting File Contents (sort)
3.9    Removing Files (rm)
3.9.1    Removing a Single File
3.9.2    Removing Multiple Files - Matching Patterns
3.10    Determining File Type (file)
 
4    Managing Directories
4.1    Creating a Directory (mkdir)
4.2    Changing Directories (cd)
4.2.1    Changing Your Current Directory
4.2.2    Using Relative Pathname Notation
4.2.3    Accessing Directories Through Symbolic Links
4.3    Displaying Directories (ls -F)
4.4    Copying Directories (cp)
4.5    Renaming Directories (mv)
4.6    Removing Directories (rmdir)
4.6.1    Removing Empty Directories
4.6.2    Removing Multiple Directories
4.6.3    Removing Your Current Directory
4.6.4    Removing Files and Directories Simultaneously (rm -r)
 
5    Controlling Access to Your Files and Directories
5.1    Understanding Password and Group Security Files
5.1.1    The /etc/passwd File
5.1.2    The /etc/group File
5.2    Protecting Files and Directories
5.3    Displaying File and Directory Permissions (ls)
5.4    Setting File and Directory Permissions (chmod)
5.4.1    Specifying Permissions with Letters and Operation Symbols
5.4.1.1    Changing File Permissions
5.4.1.2    Changing Directory Permissions
5.4.1.3    Using Pattern-Matching Characters
5.4.1.4    Setting Absolute Permissions
5.4.2    Specifying Permissions with Octal Numbers
5.5    Setting Default Permissions with the User Mask
5.5.1    Setting the umask
5.6    Changing Your Identity to Access Files
5.7    Superuser Concepts
5.8    Changing Owners and Groups (chown and chgrp)
5.9    Additional Security Considerations
 
6    Using Processes
6.1    Understanding Programs and Processes
6.2    Understanding Standard Input, Output and Error
6.2.1    Redirecting Input and Output
6.2.1.1    Reading Input from a File
6.2.1.2    Redirecting Output
6.2.2    Redirecting Standard Error to a File
6.2.2.1    Bourne, Korn and POSIX Shell Error Redirection
6.2.2.2    C Shell Error Redirection
6.2.3    Redirecting Both Standard Error and Standard Output
6.3    Running Several Processes Simultaneously
6.3.1    Running Foreground Processes
6.3.2    Running Background Processes
6.4    Monitoring and Terminating Processes
6.4.1    Checking Process Status
6.4.1.1    The ps Command
6.4.1.2    The jobs Command
6.4.2    Canceling a Foreground Process (Ctrl/C)
6.4.3    Canceling a Background Process (kill)
6.4.4    Suspending and Resuming a Foreground Process (C Shell Only)
6.5    Displaying Information About Users and Their Processes
 
7    Shell Overview
7.1    Purpose of Shells
7.2    Summary of C, Bourne, Korn and POSIX Shell Features
7.2.1    More Information on C and Korn or POSIX Shell Features
7.2.2    The Restricted Bourne Shell
7.3    Changing Your Shell
7.3.1    Determining What Shell You Are Running
7.3.2    Temporarily Changing Your Shell
7.3.3    Permanently Changing Your Shell
7.4    Command Entry Aids
7.4.1    Using Multiple Commands and Command Lists
7.4.1.1    Running Commands in Sequence with a Semicolon (;)
7.4.1.2    Running Commands Conditionally
7.4.2    Using Pipes and Filters
7.4.3    Grouping Commands
7.4.3.1    Using Parentheses ( )
7.4.3.2    Using Braces { }
7.4.4    Quoting
7.4.4.1    Using the Backslash ( \ )
7.4.4.2    Using Single Quotes (' ')
7.4.4.3    Using Double Quotes (" ")
7.5    The Shell Environment
7.5.1    The login Program
7.5.2    Environment Variables
7.5.3    Shell Variables
7.6    Login Scripts and Your Environment
7.7    Using Variables
7.7.1    Setting Variables
7.7.1.1    Bourne, Korn and Posix Shell Variables
7.7.1.2    C Shell Variables
7.7.1.3    Setting Variables in All Shells
7.7.2    Referencing Variables (Parameter Substitution)
7.7.3    Displaying the Values of Variables
7.7.4    Clearing the Values of Variables
7.8    How the Shell Finds Commands
7.9    Using Logout Scripts
7.9.1    Logout Scripts and the Shell
7.9.2    A Sample .logout File
7.10    Using Shell Procedures (Scripts)
7.10.1    Writing and Running Shell Procedures
7.10.2    Specifying a Run Shell
 
8    Shell Features
8.1    Comparison of C, Bourne, Korn and POSIX Shell Features
8.2    C Shell Features
8.2.1    Sample .cshrc and .login Scripts
8.2.2    Metacharacters
8.2.3    Command History
8.2.4    File Name Completion
8.2.5    Aliases
8.2.6    Built-In Variables
8.2.7    Built-In Commands
8.3    Bourne Shell Features
8.3.1    Sample .profile Login Script
8.3.2    Metacharacters
8.3.3    Built-In Variables
8.3.4    Built-In Commands
8.4    Korn or POSIX Shell Features
8.4.1    Sample .profile and .kshrc Login Scripts
8.4.2    Metacharacters
8.4.3    Command History
8.4.4    Command Line Editing Using the fc Command
8.4.4.1    Examples of Command Line Editing
8.4.5    File Name Completion
8.4.6    Aliases
8.4.7    Built-In Variables
8.4.8    Built-In Commands
 
9    Using the System V Habitat
9.1    Setting Up Your Environment
9.2    How the System V Habitat Access Works
9.3    Compatibility for Shell Scripts
9.4    System V Habitat Command Summary
 
10    Obtaining Information About Network Users and Hosts
10.1    Identifying Users on the Local Host
10.2    Obtaining Information About Network Users
10.2.1    Obtaining Information About a Specific User
10.2.2    Obtaining Information About Users on a Remote Host
10.2.3    Obtaining Information About an Individual User on a Remote Host
10.2.4    Customizing Output from the finger Command
10.3    Obtaining Information About Remote Hosts and Users
10.4    Obtaining Information About Users on Remote Hosts
10.5    Determining Whether a Remote Host Is On Line
 
11    Sending and Receiving Messages
11.1    Addressing Mail Messages
11.2    Sending a Mail Message Using mailx
11.2.1    Editing a Message
11.2.2    Aborting a Message
11.2.2.1    Aborting a Message with Ctrl/C
11.2.2.2    Aborting a Message with an Escape Command
11.2.3    Including a File Within a Message
11.3    Receiving a Mail Message
11.3.1    Deleting a Message
11.3.2    Replying to a Message
11.3.3    Saving a Message
11.3.3.1    Saving a Message in a File
11.3.3.2    Saving a Message in a Folder
11.3.4    Forwarding a Message
11.4    Getting Help from mailx
11.5    Exiting Mail
11.6    Customizing Mail Sessions
11.6.1    Creating Mail Aliases
11.6.2    Setting Mail Variables
11.7    The Message Handling (MH) Program
11.8    Sending and Receiving Messages with write
11.9    Sending and Receiving Messages with talk
 
12    Copying Files to Another Host
12.1    Copying Files Between a Local and a Remote Host
12.1.1    Using rcp to Copy Files Between Local and Remote Hosts
12.1.2    Using ftp to Copy Files Between Local and Remote Hosts
12.1.3    Using mailx to Copy ASCII Files Between Local and Remote Hosts
12.1.4    Using write to Copy Files Between Local and Remote Hosts
12.2    Copying Directories of Files Between a Local and a Remote Host
12.3    Copying Files Between Two Remote Hosts
 
13    Working on a Remote Host
13.1    Using rlogin to Log in to a Remote Host
13.2    Using rsh to Run Commands on a Remote Host
13.3    Using telnet to Log in to a Remote Host
 
14    The UUCP Networking Commands
14.1    UUCP Pathname Conventions
14.2    Finding Hosts that Support UUCP
14.3    Connecting to a Remote Host
14.3.1    Using cu to Connect to a Remote Host
14.3.1.1    Using cu to Connect by Name to a Remote Host
14.3.1.2    Using cu to Specify a Directly-Connected Remote Host
14.3.1.3    Using cu to Connect by Telephone to a Remote Host
14.3.1.4    Local cu Commands
14.3.1.5    Using cu to Connect a Local Host to Several Remote Hosts
14.3.2    Using tip to Connect to a Remote Host
14.3.2.1    Using tip to Connect by Name to a Remote Host
14.3.2.2    Using tip to Connect by Telephone to a Remote Host
14.3.2.3    Local tip Commands
14.3.2.4    Using tip to Connect a Local Host to Several Remote Hosts
14.3.3    Using ct to Connect to a Remote Terminal with a Modem
14.4    Using uux to Run Commands on Remote Hosts
14.4.1    Using uux from the Bourne, Korn or POSIX Shells
14.4.2    Using uux from the C Shell
14.4.3    Other uux Features and Suggestions
14.5    Using UUCP to Send and Receive Files
14.5.1    Using UUCP to Copy Files in the Bourne, Korn and POSIX Shells
14.5.2    Using UUCP to Copy Files in the C Shell
14.6    Using uuto with uupick to Copy Files
14.7    Using uuto to Send a File Locally
14.8    Displaying Job Status of UUCP Utilities
14.8.1    The uustat Command
14.8.1.1    Displaying the Holding Queue Output with a uustat Option
14.8.1.2    Displaying the Current Queue Output with uustat Options
14.8.2    Using the uulog Command to Display UUCP Log Files
14.8.3    Monitoring UUCP Status
 
A    A Beginner's Guide to Using vi
A.1    Getting Started
A.1.1    Creating a File
A.1.2    Opening an Existing File
A.1.3    Saving a File and Quitting vi
A.1.4    Moving Within a File
A.1.4.1    Moving the Cursor Up, Down, Left and Right
A.1.4.2    Moving the Cursor by Word, Line, Sentence and Paragraph
A.1.4.3    Moving and Scrolling the Cursor Forward and Backward Through a File
A.1.4.4    Movement Command Summary
A.1.5    Entering New Text
A.1.6    Editing Text
A.1.6.1    Deleting Words
A.1.6.2    Deleting Lines
A.1.6.3    Changing Text
A.1.6.4    Text Editing Command Summary
A.1.7    Undoing a Command
A.1.8    Finishing Your Edit Session
A.2    Using Advanced Techniques
A.2.1    Searching for Strings
A.2.2    Deleting and Moving Text
A.2.3    Yanking and Moving Text
A.2.4    Other vi Features
A.3    Using the Underlying ex Commands
A.3.1    Making Substitutions
A.3.2    Writing a Whole File or Parts of a File
A.3.3    Deleting a Block of Text
A.3.4    Customizing Your Environment
A.3.5    Saving Your Customizations
 
B    Creating and Editing Files with ed
B.1    Understanding Text Files and the Edit Buffer
B.2    Creating and Saving Text Files
B.2.1    Starting the ed Program
B.2.2    Entering Text - The a (append) Subcommand
B.2.3    Displaying Text - The p (print) Subcommand
B.2.4    Saving Text - The w (write) Subcommand
B.2.4.1    Saving Text Under the Same File Name
B.2.4.2    Saving Text Under a Different File Name
B.2.4.3    Saving Part of a File
B.2.5    Leaving the ed Program - The q (quit) Subcommand
B.3    Loading Files into the Edit Buffer
B.3.1    Using the ed (edit) Command
B.3.2    Using the e (edit) Subcommand
B.3.3    Using the r (read) Subcommand
B.4    Displaying and Changing the Current Line
B.4.1    Finding Your Position in the Buffer
B.4.2    Changing Your Position in the Buffer
B.5    Locating Text
B.5.1    Searching Forward Through the Buffer
B.5.2    Searching Backward Through the Buffer
B.5.3    Changing the Direction of a Search
B.6    Making Substitutions - The s (substitute) Subcommand
B.6.1    Substituting on the Current Line
B.6.2    Substituting on a Specific Line
B.6.3    Substituting on Multiple Lines
B.6.4    Changing Every Occurrence of a String
B.6.5    Removing Characters
B.6.6    Substituting at Line Beginnings and Ends
B.6.7    Using a Context Search
B.7    Deleting Lines - The d (delete) Subcommand
B.7.1    Deleting the Current Line
B.7.2    Deleting a Specific Line
B.7.3    Deleting Multiple Lines
B.8    Moving Text - The m (move) Subcommand
B.9    Changing Lines of Text - The c (change) Subcommand
B.9.1    Changing a Single Line of Text
B.9.2    Changing Multiple Lines of Text
B.10    Inserting Text - The i (insert) Subcommand
B.10.1    Using Line Numbers
B.10.2    Using a Context Search
B.11    Copying Lines - The t (transfer) Subcommand
B.12    Using System Commands from ed
B.13    Ending the ed Program
 
C    Using Internationalization Features
C.1    Understanding Locale
C.2    How Locale Affects Processing and Display of Data
C.2.1    Collation
C.2.2    Date and Time Formats
C.2.3    Numeric and Monetary Formats
C.2.4    Messages
C.2.5    Yes/No Prompts
C.3    Determining Whether a Locale Has Been Set
C.4    Setting a Locale
C.4.1    Locale Categories
C.4.2    Limitations of Locale Settings
C.4.2.1    Locale Settings Are Not Validated
C.4.2.2    File Data Is Not Bound to a Locale
C.4.2.3    Setting LC_ALL Overrides All Other Locale Variables
 
D    Customizing Your mailx Session
 
E    Using Escape Commands in Your mailx Session
 
F    Using the mailx Commands
 
G    Access Control Lists (ACLs)
G.1    ACL Structure
G.2    Access Checking with ACLs
G.3    ACL Inheritance
G.3.1    ACL Inheritance Examples
G.4    Managing ACLs
G.4.1    Using the dxsetacl Interface
G.4.2    Using the getacl Command
G.4.3    Using the setacl Command
G.5    ACL Interaction with Commands and Applications
G.5.1    The pax and tar Commands
 
Examples
1-1    Typical Login Screen
1-2    Reference Page for date Command
3-1    Long (ls -l) Directory Listing
3-2    Output from the pg Command (One File)
3-3    Output from the pg Command (Multiple Files)
3-4    Using the lpr Command
3-5    Linking Files
5-1    Setting Absolute Permissions
5-2    Removing Absolute Permissions
5-3    Using the su Command
6-1    Output from the ps Command
6-2    Output from the who Command
6-3    Output from the who -u Command
6-4    Output from the w Command
6-5    Output from the ps au Command
8-1    Sample ksh history Output
11-1    Including the dead.letter File
11-2    Including a File with the mailx Command
11-3    Entering the mailx Environment
11-4    Reading a mailx Message
11-5    Reading Another mailx Message
11-6    Replying to a Message
11-7    Forwarding a Message
11-8    Output from mailx Help Command
11-9    Sample .mailrc File
12-1    Using ftp to Copy a File
13-1    Using the telnet Command
D-1    The mailx verbose Mode
G-1    Displaying the ACL for a File
G-2    Setting the ACL for a File
 
Figures
1-1    Shell Interaction with the User and the Operating System
2-1    A Typical File System
2-2    Relative and Full Pathnames
3-1    Removing Links and Files
4-1    Relationship Between Directories and Subdirectories
4-2    Copying a Directory Tree
5-1    File and Directory Permission Fields
7-1    Flow Through a Pipeline
9-1    System V Habitat
 
Tables
2-1    Pattern-matching Characters
2-2    Internationalized Pattern-matching Characters
3-1    The ls Command Flags
3-2    The pr Command Flags
3-3    The lpr Command Flags
5-1    Differences Between File and Directory Permissions
5-2    Permission Combinations
5-3    How Octal Numbers Relate to Permission Fields
5-4    The umask Permission Combinations
6-1    Shell Notation for Reading Input and Redirecting Output
7-1    Shell Names and Default Prompts
7-2    Multiple Command Operators
7-3    Command Grouping Symbols
7-4    Shell Quoting Conventions
7-5    Selected Shell Environment Variables
7-6    System and Local Login Scripts
7-7    Description of Example Shell Script
8-1    C, Bourne, Korn and POSIX Shell Features
8-2    Example .cshrc Script
8-3    Example .login Script
8-4    C Shell Metacharacters
8-5    Reexecuting History Buffer Commands
8-6    C Shell Built-In Variables
8-7    Built-In C Shell Commands
8-8    Example Bourne Shell .profile Script
8-9    Bourne Shell Metacharacters
8-10    Bourne Shell Built-In Variables
8-11    Bourne Shell Built-In Commands
8-12    Example Korn or POSIX Shell .profile Script
8-13    Example .kshrc Script
8-14    Korn or POSIX Shell Metacharacters
8-15    Reexecuting History Buffer Commands
8-16    Built-In Korn or POSIX Shell Variables
8-17    Korn or POSIX Shell Built-In Commands
9-1    User Commands Summary
10-1    Options to the finger Command
10-2    Options to the ruptime Command
11-1    Commands for the MH Message-Handling Program
12-1    The ftp Subcommands for Connecting to a Host and Copying Files
12-2    The ftp Subcommands for Directory and File Modification
12-3    The ftp Subcommands for Help and Status Information
13-1    The telnet Subcommands
14-1    Options to the cu Command
14-2    Local cu Commands
14-3    Options to the tip Command
14-4    Local tip Commands
14-5    Options to the ct Command
14-6    Options to the uux Command
14-7    Options to the UUCP Command
14-8    Options to the uupick Command
14-9    Options to the uuto Command
14-10    Options to the uustat Command
14-11    Options to the uulog Command
A-1    Write and Quit Command Summary
A-2    Cursor Movement Command Summary
A-3    Text Insertion Command Summary
A-4    Text Editing Command Summary
A-5    Selected vi Environment Variables
C-1    Locale Names
C-2    Environment Variables That Influence Locale Functions
D-1    Variables for Customizing Your mailx Session
E-1    Escape Commands in mailx
F-1    Commands for the mailx Program
G-1    Example ACL Entries
 
Index