.ad l .nh .TH montage 1 "1 May 1994" "ImageMagick" .SH NAME montage - creates a composite image by combining several separate images .SH SYNOPSIS .B "montage" [ \fIoptions\fP ...] \fIfile\fP [ [ \fIoptions\fP ...] \fIfile\fP ...] \fIoutput_file\fP .SH DESCRIPTION \fBmontage\fP creates a composite image by combining several separate images. The images are tiled on the composite image with the name of the image optionally appearing just below the individual tile. The composite image is constructed in the following manner. First, each image specified on the command line, except for the last, is scaled to fit the maximum tile size. The maximum tile size by default is 256x256. It can be modified with the \fB-geometry\fP command line argument or X resource. See \fBOPTIONS\fP for more information on command line arguments. See \fBX(1)\fP for more information on X resources. Note that the maximum tile size need not be a square. To respect the aspect ratio of each image append \fB~\fP to the geometry specification. Next the composite image is initialized with the color specified by the \fP-background\fP command line argument or X resource. The width and height of the composite image is determined by the title specified, the maximum tile size, the number of tiles per row, the tile border width and height, the image border width, and the label height. The number of tiles per row specifies how many images are to appear in each row of the composite image. The default is to have 5 tiles in each row and 4 tiles in each column of the composite. A specific value is specified with \fB-tile\fP. The tile border width and height, and the image border width defaults to the value of the X resource \fB-borderwidth\fP. It can be changed with the \fB-borderwidth\fP or \fB-geometry\fP command line argument or X resource. The label height is determined by the font you specify with the \fB-font\fP command line argument or X resource. If you do not specify a font, a font is choosen that allows the name of the image to fit the maximum width of a tiled area. The label colors is determined by the \fB-background\fP and \fB-foreground\fP command line argument or X resource. Note, that if the background and foreground colors are the same, labels will not appear. Initially, the composite image title is placed at the top if one is specified (refer to \fB-foreground\fP X resource). Next, each image is set onto the composite image, surrounded by its border color, with its name centered just below it. The individual images are left-justified within the width of the tiled area. The order of the images is the same as they appear on the command line unless the images have a scene keyword. If a scene number is specified in each image, then the images are tiled onto the composite in the order of their scene number. Finally, the last argument on the command line is the name assigned to the composite image. By default, the image is written in the \fBMIFF\fP format and can be viewed or printed with \fBdisplay(1)\fP. .SH EXAMPLES To create a montage of a cockatoo, a parrot, and a hummingbird and write it to a file called birds, use: .PP .B montage cockatoo.miff parrot.miff hummingbird.miff birds.miff .PP To tile several bird images so that they are at most 256 pixels in width and 192 pixels in height, surrounded by a red border, and separated by 10 pixels of background color, use: .PP .B montage -geometry 256x192+10+10 -bordercolor red birds.* montage.miff .PP To create an unlabeled parrot image, 640 by 480 pixels, and surrounded by a border of black, use: .PP .B montage -geometry 640x480 -bordercolor black -label "" parrot.miff bird.miff .SH OPTIONS .TP 5 .B "-colors \fIvalue\fP" preferred number of colors in the image. The actual number of colors in the image may be less than your request, but never more. Note, this is a color reduction option. Images with less unique colors than specified with this option will remain unchanged. Refer to \fBquantize(9)\fP for more details. Note, options \fB-dither\fP, \fB-colorspace\fP, and \fB-treedepth\fP affect the color reduction algorithm. .TP 5 .B "-colorspace \fIvalue\fP" the type of colorspace: \fBGRAY\fP, \fBOHTA\fP, \fBRGB\fP, \fBXYZ\fP, \fBYCbCr\fP, \fBYIQ\fP, \fBYPbPr\fP, or \fBYUV\fP. Color reduction, by default, takes place in the RGB color space. Empirical evidence suggests that distances in color spaces such as YUV or YIQ correspond to perceptual color differences more closely than do distances in RGB space. These color spaces may give better results when color reducing an image. Refer to \fBquantize(9)\fP for more details. The \fB-colors\fP or \fB-monochrome\fP option is required for this option to take effect. .TP 5 .B "-comment \fIstring\fP" annotate an image with a comment. By default, each image is commented with its file name. Use this option to assign a specific comment to the image. Optionally you can include the image filename, type, width, height, or scene number by embedding special format characters. Embed \fB%f\fP for filename, \fB%m\fP for magick, \fB%w\fP for width, \fB%h\fP for height, \fB%s\fP for scene number, or \fB\\n\fP for newline. For example, .nf -comment "%m:%f %wx%h" .fi produces an image comment of \fBMIFF:bird.miff 512x480\fP for an image titled \fBbird.miff\fP and whose width is 512 and height is 480. If the first character of \fIstring\fP is \fB@\fP, the image comment is read from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string. .TP 5 .B "-compose \fIoperator\fP" the type of image composition. By default, each of the composite image pixels are replaced by the corresponding image tile pixel. You can choose an alternate composite operation: over in out atop xor plus minus add subtract difference replace .PP The operations behaves as follows: .TP 9 .B over The result will be the union of the two image shapes, with \fIimage\fP obscuring \fIcomposite image\fP in the region of overlap. .TP 9 .B in The result is simply \fIimage\fP cut by the shape of \fIimage window\fP. None of the image data of \fIcomposite image\fP will be in the result. .TP 9 .B out The resulting image is \fIimage\fP with the shape of \fIcomposite image\fP cut out. .TP 9 .B atop The result is the same shape as image \fIcomposite image\fP, with \fIimage\fP obscuring \fIcomposite image\fP where the image shapes overlap. Note this differs from \fBover\fP because the portion of \fIimage\fP outside \fIcomposite image\fP's shape does not appear in the result. .TP 9 .B xor The result is the image data from both \fIimage\fP and \fIcomposite image\fP that is outside the overlap region. The overlap region will be blank. .TP 9 .B plus The result is just the sum of the image data. Output values are cropped to 255 (no overflow). This operation is independent of the matte channels. .TP 9 .B minus The result of \fIimage\fP \- \fIcomposite image\fP, with underflow cropped to zero. The matte channel is ignored (set to 255, full coverage). .TP 9 .B add The result of \fIimage\fP + \fIcomposite image\fP, with overflow wrapping around (\fImod\fP 256). .TP 9 .B subtract The result of \fIimage\fP - \fIcomposite image\fP, with underflow wrapping around (\fImod\fP 256). The \fBadd\fP and \fBsubtract\fP operators can be used to perform reversible transformations. .TP 9 .B difference The result of abs(\fIimage\fP \- \fIcomposite image\fP). This is useful for comparing two very similar images. .TP 9 .B replace The resulting image is \fIcomposite image\fP replaced with \fIimage\fP. Here the matte information is ignored. The image compositor requires an matte, or alpha channel in the image for some operations. This extra channel usually defines a mask which represents a sort of a cookie-cutter for the image. This is the case when matte is 255 (full coverage) for pixels inside the shape, zero outside, and between zero and 255 on the boundary. If \fIimage\fP does not have an matte channel, it is initialized with 0 for any pixel matching in color to pixel location (0,0), otherwise 255 (to work properly \fBborderwidth\fP must be 0). .TP 5 .B "-compress \fItype\fP" the type of image compression: \fIQEncoded\fP or \fIRunlengthEncoded\fP. This option specifies the type of image compression for the composite image. See \fBmiff(5)\fP for details. Specify \fB\+compress\fP to store the binary image in an uncompressed format. The default is the compression type of the specified image file. .TP 5 .B "-crop \fIx++\fP" preferred size and location of the cropped image. See \fBX(1)\fP for details about the geometry specification. Use cropping to tile only a particular area of an image. Use \fB-crop 0x0\fP to remove edges that are the background color. The equivalent X resource for this option is \fBcropGeometry\fP (class \fBCropGeometry\fP). See \fBX RESOURCES\fP for details. .TP 5 .B "-density \fIx vertical and horizontal density of the image. This option specifies an image density for a Postscript page. The default is 72 dots per inch in the horizontal and vertical direction. Use this option to alter the default density. .TP 5 .B "-display \fIhost:display[.screen]\fP" specifies the X server to contact; see \fBX(1)\fP. Specify \fB+display\fP if an X server is not available. The label font is obtained from the X server. If none is available, the composite image will not have labels. .TP 5 .B "-dither" apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image. The basic strategy of dithering is to trade intensity resolution for spatial resolution by averaging the intensities of several neighboring pixels. Images which suffer from severe contouring when reducing colors can be improved with this option. The \fB-colors\fP or \fB-monochrome\fP option is required for this option to take effect. .TP 5 .B "-frame" surround image with an ornamental border. Specify the width of the matte with \fB-borderwidth\fP. Use \fB-gravity\fP to specify how the image is oriented within the ornamental border. Use \fB-mattecolor\fP to specify the frame color. .TP 5 .B "-gamma \fIvalue\fP" level of gamma correction. The same color image displayed on two different workstations may look different due to differences in the display monitor. Use gamma correction to adjust for this color difference. Reasonable values extend from 0.8 to 2.3. You can apply separate gamma values to the red, green, and blue channels of the image with a gamma value list delineated with commas (i.e. 1.7,2.3,1.2). .TP 5 .B "-geometry \fIx++{!}\fP" preferred tile and border size of each tile of the composite image. By default, the width and height are maximum values. That is, the image is expanded or contracted to fit the width and height value while maintaining the aspect ratio of the image. Append an exclamation point to the geometry to force the image size to exactly the size you specify. For example, if you specify \fB640x480!\fP the image width is set to 640 pixels and height to 480. If only one factor is specified, both the width and height assume the value. Each image is surrounded by a border whose size in pixels is specified as \fI\fP and \fI\fP and whose color is the background color. By default, the tile size is 256x256 and there is no border. The equivalent X resource for this option is \fBimageGeometry\fP (class \fBImageGeometry\fP). See \fBX RESOURCES\fP for details. .TP 5 .B "-gravity \fIdirection\fP" direction image gravitates to within a tile. See \fBX(1)\fP for details about the gravity specification. A tile of the composite image is a fixed width and height. However, the image within the tile may not fill it completely (see \fB-aspect_ratio\fP). The direction you specify indicates where to position the image within the tile. For example \fICenter\fP gravity forces the image to be centered within the tile. By default, the image gravity is \fINorth\fP. .TP 5 .B "-interlace \fItype\fP" the type of interlacing scheme: \fBNONE\fP, \fBLINE\fP, or \fBPLANE\fP. This option is used to specify the type of interlacing scheme for raw image formats such as \fBRGB\fP or \fBYUV\fP. \fBNONE\fP means do not interlace (RGBRGBRGBRGBRGBRGB...), \fBLINE\fP uses scanline interlacing (RRR...GGG...BBB...RRR...GGG...BBB...), and \fBPLANE\fP uses plane interlacing (RRRRRR...GGGGGG...BBBBBB...). .TP 5 .B "-label \fIname\fP" assign a label to an image. By default, each image is labeled with its file name. Use this option to assign a specific label to the image. Optionally you can include the image filename, type, width, height, or scene number in the label by embedding special format characters. Embed \fB%f\fP for filename, \fB%m\fP for magick, \fB%w\fP for width, \fB%h\fP for height, or \fB%s\fP for scene number. For example, .nf -label "%m:%f %wx%h" .fi produces an image label of \fBMIFF:bird.miff 512x480\fP for an image titled \fBbird.miff\fP and whose width is 512 and height is 480. If the first character of \fIstring\fP is \fB@\fP, the image label is read from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string. .TP 5 .B "-monochrome" transform the image to black and white. .TP 5 .B "-page \fIx{\+-}{\+-}\fP" preferred size and location of the Postscript page. Use this option to specify the dimensions of the Postscript page in picas or a TEXT page in pixels. The default for a Postscript page is to center the image on a letter page 612 by 792 dots per inch. The left and right margins are 18 picas and the top and bottom 94 picas (i.e. 612x792+36+36). Other common sizes are: 540x720 Note 612x1008 Legal 842x1190 A3 595x842 A4 421x595 A5 297x421 A6 709x1002 B4 612x936 U.S. Foolscap 612x936 European Foolscap 396x612 Half Letter 792x1224 11x17 1224x792 Ledger The page geometry is relative to the vertical and horizontal density of the Postscript page. See \fB-density\fP for details. The default page dimensions for a TEXT image is 612x792+36+36. .TP 5 .B "-quality \fIvalue\fP" JPEG quality setting. Quality is 0 (worst) to 100 (best). The default is 85. .TP 5 .B "-rotate \fIdegrees\fP" apply Paeth image rotation to the image. Empty triangles left over from rotating the image are filled with the color defined as \fBbordercolor\fP (class \fBborderColor\fP). See \fBX(1)\fP for details. .TP 5 .B "-scene \fIvalue\fP" image scene number. .TP 5 .B "-shadow add a shadow beneath a tile to simulate depth. .TP 5 .B "-size \fI{%}x{%}{+colors}{!}" width and height of the image. Use this option to specify the width and height of raw images whose dimensions are unknown such as \fBGRAY\fP, \fBRGB\fP, or \fBCMYK\fP. In addition to width and height, use \fB-size\fP to tell the number of colors in a \fBMAP\fP image file, (e.g. -size 640x512+256). .TP 5 .B "-tile \fIx\fP" specifies how many tiles are to appear in each row and column of the composite image. Specify the number of tiles per row with width and tiles per column with height. For example if you want 1 tile in each row and a maximum of 10 tiles in the composite image, use -tile 1x10. The default is to have 5 tiles in each row and 4 tiles in each column of the composite. .TP 5 .B "-treedepth \fIvalue\fP" Normally, this integer value is zero or one. A zero or one tells \fBmontage\fP to choose a optimal tree depth for the color reduction algorithm. An optimal depth generally allows the best representation of the source image with the fastest computational speed and the least amount of memory. However, the default depth is inappropriate for some images. To assure the best representation, try values between 2 and 8 for this parameter. Refer to \fBquantize(9)\fP for more details. The \fB-colors\fP or \fB-monochrome\fP option is required for this option to take effect. .TP 5 .B -verbose print detailed information about the image. This information is printed: image scene number; image name; image size; the image class (\fIDirectClass\fP or \fIPseudoClass\fP); the total number of unique colors; and the number of seconds to read and write the image. .PP In addition to those listed above, you can specify these standard X resources as command line options: -background, -bordercolor, -borderwidth, -font, -foreground, -mattecolor, or -title. See \fBX RESOURCES\fP for details. .PP Options are processed in command line order. Any option you specify on the command line remains in effect until it is explicitly changed by specifying the option again with a different effect. For example, to montage two images, the first with 32 colors and the second with only 16 colors, use: .PP montage -colors 32 cockatoo.1 -colors 16 cockatoo.2 cockatoo.miff .PP Change \fI-\fP to \fI\+\fP in any option above to reverse its effect. For example, specify \fB\+dither\fP to not apply error diffusion to an image. .PP By default, the image format is determined by its magic number. To specify a particular image format, precede the filename with an image format name and a colon (i.e. ps:image) or specify the image type as the filename suffix (i.e. image.ps). See \fBconvert(1)\fP for a list of valid image formats. .PP When you specify \fBX\fP as your image type, the filename has special meaning. It specifies an X window by id, name, or \fBroot\fP. If no filename is specified, the window is selected by clicking the mouse in the desired window. .PP Specify \fIfile\fP as \fI-\fP for standard input, \fIoutput_file\fP as \fI-\fP for standard output. If \fIfile\fP has the extension \fB.Z\fP or \fB.gz\fP, the file is uncompressed with \fBuncompress\fP or \fBgunzip\fP respectively. If \fIoutput_file\fP has the extension \fB.Z\fP or \fB.gz\fP, the file size is compressed using with \fBcompress\fP or \fBgzip\fP respectively. Finally, precede the image file name with \fI|\fP to pipe to or from a system command. .PP Use an optional index enclosed in brackets after a file name to specify a desired subimage of a multi-resolution image format like Photo CD (e.g. img0001.pcd[4]). .PP Note, a composite MIFF image displayed to an X server with \fBdisplay\fP behaves differently than other images. You can think of the composite as a visual image directory. Choose a particular tile of the composite and press a button to display it. See \fBdisplay(1)\fP and \fBmiff(5)\fP for details. .SH "X RESOURCES" \fBmontage\fP options can appear on the command line or in your X resource file. Options on the command line supersede values specified in your X resource file. See \fBX(1)\fP for more information on X resources. All \fBmontage\fP options have a corresponding X resource. In addition, \fBmontage\fP uses the following X resources: .TP 5 .B background (\fPclass\fB Background) Specifies the preferred color to use for the composite image background. The default is white. .TP 5 .B borderColor (\fPclass\fB BorderColor) Specifies the preferred color to use for the composite image border. The default is black. .TP 5 .B borderWidth (\fPclass\fB BorderWidth) Specifies the width in pixels of the composite image border. The default is 2. .TP 5 .B font (\fPclass\fB Font) Specifies the name of the preferred font to use when displaying text within the composite image. The default is 9x15, fixed, or 5x8 determined by the composite image size. .TP 5 .B foreground (\fPclass\fB Foreground) Specifies the preferred color to use for text within the composite image. The default is black. .TP 5 .B matteColor (\fPclass\fB MatteColor) Specify the color of an image frame. A 3D effect is achieved by using highlight and shadow colors derived from this color. Default value: #bcd. .TP 5 .B title (\fPclass\fB Title) This resource specifies the title to be placed at the top of the composite image. The default is not to place a title at the top of the composite image. .SH ENVIRONMENT .TP 5 .B display To get the default host, display number, and screen. .SH SEE ALSO .B display(1), animate(1), import(1), mogrify(1), convert(1), segment(1), combine(1), xtp(1) .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright 1994 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company .PP Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute, and sell this software and its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company makes no representations about the suitability of this software for any purpose. It is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty. .PP E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company disclaims all warranties with regard to this software, including all implied warranties of merchantability and fitness, in no event shall E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company be liable for any special, indirect or consequential damages or any damages whatsoever resulting from loss of use, data or profits, whether in an action of contract, negligence or other tortuous action, arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of this software. .SH ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The MIT X Consortium for making network transparent graphics a reality. .PP Michael Halle, Spatial Imaging Group at MIT, for the initial implementation of Alan Paeth's image rotation algorithm. .PP David Pensak, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, for providing a computing environment that made this program possible. .PP Paul Raveling, USC Information Sciences Institute, for the original idea of using space subdivision for the color reduction algorithm. .SH AUTHORS John Cristy, E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company Incorporated