1 RNO
                            Bonner Lab Runoff (RNO)
                               VERSION:  1987.2
                                  22 Dec 1987

 This  is  a document formatter with similar syntax to Digital Standard Runoff
 (DSR).  Helpful test files (*.TST,*.RNO) are Available In  SYS_RUNOFF:.   You
 may also use this to give you help on DSR syntax.  
2 OPERATION

 RUNOFF can be initiated in several ways.  The general formats are:  

      $ RUNOFF command_string/options
            ... or

      $ RUNOFF
 The operating system will ask you for the input file name.
3 COMMAND_STRING

 System  programs  usually require a command string to specify such things
 as input files and various options.  A standard command string has one of
 the following forms:  

      input1-file,input2-file,...

 The command string syntax is described more completely in the 
 User's Guide for the relevant operating system. 
3  FILE_SPECIFICATION
 A file specification has the following form: 

      Dev:[Directory.subdir...]Filename.Typ;Ver 

 In  this specification, Dev must be a legal device code.  If omitted, the
 default value is SY:, the system disk.  Directory must be a valid  direc-
 tory  name of the form [Name1.Name2 . . .Namen].  If omitted, the default
 is the current default directory.  Filename is any 1- to 9-character  al-
 phanumeric string that specifies a file name.  Typ is a 1- to 3-character
 alphanumeric file type.  Finally, Ver is the version number of the  file.
 This field also normally can be omitted since it defaults on input to the
 highest existing version number for the file and on output to the highest
 existing  version  number  plus  one.  Normally you need only specify the
 Filename.  

 Default file specifications (any part of which may be overridden):  
      Input:  SY:name.RNO 
      Output:  SY:name.DOC 
      Table of contents:  SY:name.RNT 

 If  the  name  is omitted on the Output or Toc files, it is assumed to be
 the same as the first Input name.  In other words:  
      $ RUNOFF /TOC file 
           is the same as:  
      $ RUNOFF /OUT=file.doc /TOC=file.rnt file 
3 OPTIONS
 A command string may have one or more options associated with it.  
4 FORMAT
 An  option  is  an indicator, consisting of a slash and a two-character
 ASCII name, used to select program options.  Options may be  used  any-
 where  in  the command string.  The option itself may have three forms.
 For example, If the option designator is SW, then:  

      /SW sets the option action;  
      /NOSW negates the option action 

 In  addition,  the  option  identifier can be followed by any number of
 values.  The permitted values are  strings  or  decimal  numbers.   Any
 numeric  value can be preceded with a + or a - sign;  The following are
 valid option specifications.  

      /FF=27
      /NOFF
      /ul=L

4 LIST

                          TABLE of RNO OPTIONS
                [NO] indicates the option may be negated.
                      The negative of /CR is /NOCR

 /APPENDIX=([l],[h])     -- Output only indicated appendix range.  
 /CHAPTER=([l],[h])      -- Output only indicated chapter range.  
 /[NO]CR         -- Output CR,LF in file.  
 /[NO]DEBUG      -- Type out input lines (debug) 
 /[NO]EP         -- Errors printed in .DOC file 
 /[NO]EVEN       -- Output even numbered pages.  
 /[NO]FF=[n]     -- Put form-feed at end of page.  
 /[NO]HYPHENATE  -- Hyphenate output 
 /[NO]ODD        -- Output odd numbered pages.  
 /OUTPUT=file    -- Specify output file name 
 /PAGES=([l],[h])        -- Output only indicated page range 
 /PS=([h],[w])   -- Set page size to H,W (height,width) 
 /RIGHT=n        -- Right shift output.  n=amount of shift.  
 /[NO]SPOOL      -- Spool the output file.  
 /TOC[=file]     -- Create an intermediate table of contents file 
 /[NO]TT         -- Bypass checks and do a write all on output.  
 /[NO]UC         -- Force ALL uppercase output 
 /UL=x           -- Underline    x=[B-backspace,   S-simulate,   L-line,
                 N-none] 
 /[NO]WAIT       -- Wait at beginning of a page.  
 /[NO]WR         -- Warning message output.  
 /[NO]2P         -- Two pass operation.  
 DEFAULT:  /CR/NODE/NOEP/EV/OD/PS=(58,60)/HY/NOSP/TT/UL=L/NOWA/WR/NO2P 
4 /APPENDIX
 /APPENDIX=([l],[h])     -- Output only indicated appendix range.  
 l = lowest appendix to print 
 h = highest appendix to print 
      default = print all 
 For example, if you wish to print appendix 5, type:  
      /APPENDIX=(5,5) 
 If you wish to print appendices 3 to 6:  
      /APPENDIX=(3,6) 
 If you wish to print appendices 2, etc.:  
      /APPENDIX=2 
 Appendix numbers may range from 0 to 8,388,607.  
 (Not available in DSR) 
4 /CHAPTER
 /CHAPTER=([l],[h])      -- Output only indicated chapter range.  
 l = lowest chapter to print 
 h = highest chapter to print 
      default = print all 
 If you wish to print chapters 1 to 5, type:  
      /CHAPTER=(1,5) or /CHAPTER=(,5) 
 If you wish to print chapter 4 on:  
      /CHAPTER=4 
 Chapter numbers may range from 0 to 8,388,607.  
 (Not available in DSR) 
4 /CR
 /CR             -- Output CR,LF in file.  (DEFAULT) 
 /NOCR           -- Output regular text (No CR,LF).  
 When  you  use /CR, the output file will contain the necessary codes to
 advance the paper.  

 With  /NOCR,  no  carriage  returns or line feeds are output.  The file
 type is "CR".  This mode is intended for outputing  text  that  may  be
 edited by any editor or copied by FLX.  This mode doesn't work properly
 if the output line exceeds 256 characters.  It should never be used  if
 escape sequences, half spacing, or equations are desired.  
 (Not available in DSR) 
4 /DEBUG
 /DEBUG          -- Type all input lines.  
 /NODEBUG        -- Do not type input lines.  (DEFAULT) 
 This  is  intended  as  a debugging aid.  Input lines are typed on your
 terminal so you can view exactly where errors are in  relation  to  the
 input.  
 (Subset of DSR) 
4                /EP
 /EP             -- Error  messages  are printed in .DOC file.  Only non
 fatal error messages appear in the output  file.   Fatal  messages  are
 typed on the terminal.  
 /NOEP           -- Error messages are typed at terminal.  
 (Similar to /MESSAGE in DSR) 
4 /EVEN
 /EVEN           -- Output even numbered pages.  (DEFAULT) 
 /NOEVEN         -- Do not output even numbered pages.  
 If  you  wish  to print on both sides of you paper, you can first print
 the odd pages by using /NOEVEN;  then you can turn the paper  over  and
 print  the  even pages using /NOODD.  You might want to use /RIGHT with
 /NOEVEN if you need extra margin for binding on odd numbered pages.  
 (Not available in DSR) 
4 /FF
 /FF             -- Use form-feed at end of each page.  (DEFAULT) 
 /NOFF=[n]       -- Simulate Form-feeds with blank lines 
 When  you  use  /FF,  form  feeds are only output at the end of a page.
 This causes the printer to advance to the next page.   When  you  start
 printing,  the paper must be properly adjusted because there is no form
 feed at the beginning of the first page.  Most printers keep  track  of
 the  paper  and automatically advance to the beginning of the next page
 when given a form-feed.  

 /NOFF  is  usually used with primitive line printers that do not recog-
 nize form-feeds, or it can be used to have output text that is free  of
 form-feeds.   The end of each page will be padded with sufficient blank
 lines to advance the paper to the beginning of the next page.  n is pa-
 per  length,  (normally 66) set by your system manager.  n must be less
 than 128.  If n is 0, then no blank lines separate pages.  
 (Similar to /SIMULATE and /FORM_SIZE in DSR) 
4 /HYPHENATE
 /HYPHENATE      -- Hyphenate output.  (DEFAULT) 
 /NOHYPHENATE    -- Do not hyphenate output.  
 When  /NOHYPHENATE is used output will not be hyphenated.  Neither auto
 or manual hyphenation will work.  This overrides the  .ENABLE  HYPHENA-
 TION command.  
 (Not available in DSR) 
4 /ODD
 /ODD            -- Output odd numbered pages.  (DEFAULT) 
 /NOODD          -- Do not output odd numbered pages.  
 This command is used to separate even, from odd pages.  See /EVEN.  
 (Not available in DSR) 
4 /PAGES
 /PAGES=([l],[h])        -- Output only indicated page range.  
 l = lowest page to print 
 h = highest page to print 
      default = print all 
 This  option  should be used with the /APPENDIX,or /CHAPTER options for
 chapter oriented text.  Page numbers can range from 1 to 4000 If  h  is
 omitted,  there  is no maximum page number.  If l is omitted, it is as-
 sumed to be page 1.  For example, if you wish to print pages 5  to  10,
 then specify 
      /PAGES=(5,10) 
 or you wish to print pages 6 to the end of the document, specify 
      /PAGES=6 
 (Subset of DSR) 
4 /PS
 /PS=([h],[w])   -- Set initial page size to h,w (height,width) 
      default=/PS=(58,60) (See PAGE SIZE command).  
 If  a  .PAGE  SIZE  command is used in your .RNO file, it will override
 this option setting.  H must be larger than 15 and less  than  128.   W
 must be larger than 15 less than 256.  
 (Similar to /FORM_SIZE in DSR) 
4 /RIGHT
 /RIGHT=n        -- Right shift output.  n=amount of shift.  
 This  adds extra space to the left margin.  The shift is in addition to
 the .LEFT MARGIN and the .ENABLE BAR commands.  

 EXAMPLE:  If you wish to add 5 spaces (1/2 inch PICA type):  
      /RIGHT=5 
 (Same as in DSR) 
4 /SPOOL
 /SPOOL          -- Spool the output file.  
 /NOSPOOL        -- Do not spool output file.  
 causes  the output file to be printed on the line printer.  NOTE:  This
 does not apply to the TOC file.  
 (Not available in DSR) 
4 /TT
 /TT             -- Do write all output.  (DEFAULT) 
 /NOTT           -- Normal output.  
 In  /TT  mode,  the  text is output without any changes.  This bypasses
 normal operating system checking of output.  This option works only  if
 you  send  the  output  directly to a terminal or printer, and not to a
 file.  The device must be defined as a terminal type device.  This  op-
 tion affects only the .DOC output and not the .RNT file.  Sometimes the
 operating system will swallow control codes sent to the output  device;
 this option insures that this will not happen.  
 (Not available in DSR) 
4 /UC
 /UC             -- Force  ALL uppercase output.  The output will all be
 in caps.  
 /NOUC           -- Allow normal case conversion.  (DEFAULT) 
 (Not available in DSR) 
4 /UL
 /UL=B           -- Underline with a spacing-backspace.  
 This  type of underlining may fail to work properly if sub/superscripts
 or weird selectable fonts are used in the text.  Alternate  fonts  must
 have  the  underscore  in  the normal ASCII position for this option to
 work.  
 /UL=L           -- Underline   via   line   overprint   with  underline
 character.  (DEFAULT) 
 /UL=N           -- Underlining suppressed.  
 This overrides the .ENABLE UNDERLINING command.  
 /UL=S           -- Simulate  underline  with  hyphen  character on next
 line.  
 This  is  used  for line printers that have no special features.  Some-
 times this option may add  an  extra  line  to  a  page  to  accomodate
 underlining.   To  avoid this, .LAYOUT n,s with s greater than 0 should
 be used.  This reserves an extra line for possible underlines.  
 (Similar to several options in DSR) 
4 /WAIT
 /WAIT           -- Wait at beginning of each page.  
 /NOWAIT         -- Print each page with no wait.  (DEFAULT) 
 /WAIT  is  useful if your printer must have some adjustments at the top
 of each page, or if you must feed in each page manually.  RNO will wait
 for  you  to press the "return" key on the terminal before printing the
 next page.  
 (Same as /PAUSE in DSR) 
4 /WR
 /WR             -- Warning message output.  (DEFAULT) 
 /NOWR           -- No warning message output.  
 Warning messages notify you of problems with the input that might cause
 you difficulties.  Warning messages do not indicate that a problem  ac-
 tually occured, only that one might occur.  
 (Not available in DSR) 
4 /2P
 /2P             -- Two pass operation.  
 /NO2P           -- One pass operation.  (DEFAULT) 
 RNO  can  perform 2 passes so that all substitutions are defined on the
 first pass, and all text output on the second.  This allows  both  for-
 ward  and backward references.  The .TYPE commands are executed for the
 second pass, but not for the first.  This option will cause error  mes-
 sages  to  appear in different places.  All multiple substitute defini-
 tions appear during pass  1  while  all  other  messages  except  fatal
 messages  appear  during pass 2.  Fatal messages appear only once, and,
 if they occur, output may be missing.  RNO will  take  about  twice  as
 long to execute in 2 pass mode.  
 (Not available in DSR) 
4 /OUTPUT
 /OUTPUT=file 
 Normally the output file is created in the users default directory with
 the same file name as the first input file, and the extension .DOC.  If
 you wish to specify the file name, you should use this option.  
 (Same as in DSR) 
4 /TOC
 /TOC[=file] 
 To  get  a  table  of  contents, you must create a .RNT file using this
 option.  Then pass .RNT  file  through  RNO  to  create  the  table  of
 contents.   If  the  file  name is not specified, it is the same as the
 first input file with the extension .RNT 
 (Similar to DSR) 
2 FLAG_CHARACTERS
3 UNDERLINE

 &  Ampersand     UNDERLINE

      The character ampersand "&" is used to specify underlining.  The am-
      persand will cause the character  following  it  to  be  underlined,
      e.g. &f&o&o  becomes  foo.   To begin underlining a whole section of
                            ---
      text, precede the section by ^& and follow the section by  \&.   Any
      spaces in the section will not be underlined.  To underline a single
      space or tab, precede it by &.  Text with imbedded spaces can be un-
      derlined,  spaces  and  all,  by issuing the command .UNDERLINE " ".
      You can specify which characters will or will not be underlined with
      the .UNDERLINE and .NO UNDERLINE commands.  
           (In  DSR, you underline spaces by preceding them with an accept
      flag "_".) 
3 SPACE

 #  Number-Sign   Quoted or non expandable SPACE

      It  is  sometimes  necessary  to  include  spaces that should not be
      treated as word separators.  For this  purpose,  RUNOFF  treats  the
      number-sign  character "#" as a quoted space;  i.e.  it will produce
      exactly one space in the output.  Normal spaces might be expanded to
      multiple  spaces  to justify the text, but quoted spaces will not be
      expanded.  Also, normal spaces mark the end of the previous word and
      the beginning of the next.  Text with imbedded quoted spaces are not
      be broken at the quoted spaces or split into separate lines.  
3 ACCEPT

 _  Underline     ACCEPT or Quote character

      The  underscore character "_" is used as an accept flag to allow the
      appearance of the special characters (ampersand,  number-sign,  cir-
      cumflex,  or  back-slash)  in the output.  The character immediately
      following an underscore will be transmitted to the  output  with  no
      formatting effect.  The underscore itself is a special character re-
      quiring quoting.  The following 12 cases occur:  
                      _& _^ _\ __ _$ _| _= _% _< _# _{ _} 
      If  normal  spaces or tabs are preceded by an ACCEPT character, they
      are converted to non-expandable spaces.  
3 UPPERCASE

 ^  Circumflex    UPPERCASE shift or mode lock 

      As  described above, the circumflex character "^" is used to convert
      the letter following to upper-case.  It is also  used  to  lock  the
      case  mode  to  upper case, and the underline mode to "underline all
      text".  If ^ is to appear in the printed text, it must  be  preceded
      by  the  quote  character  "_^".   User-defined special flags can be
      locked on using the circumflex.  For example, if your  printer  sup-
      ports bolding, "^*" would be used to turn on bolding.  
3 LOWERCASE

 \   Backslash    LOWERCASE shift or mode unlock 

      As  described  above, the backslash character "\" is used to convert
      the letter following to lower-case.  It is also  used  to  lock  the
      case  mode in lowercase, and to disable underlining.  If a backslash
      is to appear in the printed text, it must be preceded by  the  quote
      character  "_\".   The  backslash  is  also used to turn off special
      features.  For example, "\*" would be used to turn  off  bolding  if
      your printer supports it.  
3 CAPITALIZE

 <  Less-than     CAPITALIZE next word 

      If  .FLAGS  CAPITALIZE has been defined, the less-than character "<"
      will capitalize the entire word it precedes.  If < is to  appear  in
      the  printed  text, it must be preceded by the quote character "_<".
      An appearance of a circumflex followed by less than "^<" permanently
      locks  RUNOFF into capitalize mode.  This mode can be cancelled by a
      double circumflex "^^".  This flag is not normally used with  termi-
      nals that have lowercase.  
3 HYPHENATION

 =  Equals-sign   HYPHENATE character 

      If  .FLAGS HYPHENATE has been specified, the equals character "=" is
      used to control hyphenation.  If it precedes a word, the  word  will
      not  be  hyphenated.   If it is imbedded inside a word, it specifies
      where that word can be hyphenated.  The word is only  hyphenated  if
      necessary  to  fill out a line.  When hyphenation is specified for a
      word, no automatic hyphenation is used.  When the hyphenate flag ap-
      pears  at  the  end  of a line, it specifies that the next line is a
      continuation of the current one and that a hyphen may appear at this
      point.   If  = is to appear in the printed text, it must be preceded
      by the quote character "_=".  
3 OVERSTRIKE

 %  Percent-Sign   OVERSTRIKE character 

      If  .FLAGS  OVERSTRIKE  has  been defined, the percent character "%"
      will generate a backspace to  allow  overstriking  of  the  previous
      character  to form new composite characters.  If overstriking is de-
      fined and you wish to use the percent character in the text, it must
      be  preceded  by  an  underscore  "_%".   The  default  is .NO FLAGS
      OVERSTRIKE.  Multiple backspaces can be generated, but you should be
      careful  when  using this feature:  backspacing past the left margin
      is not allowed, and some printers do not support backspacing.  
           (DSR doesn't support multiple backspacing) 
3 PERIOD

 +  Plus   PERIOD character

      If  .FLAGS  PERIOD has been defined, the plus-Sign "+" will generate
      an extra space when followed by a normal space.   For  example  J+ M
      will appear in the output as J  M.  
3 CONTROL

 .  Period   CONTROL character 

      If  a  period  appears at the beginning of a line, it indicates that
      the rest of the line is a control or command.  
3 SUBSTITUTE

 $  Dollar-Sign   SUBSTITUTE character 

      If  .FLAGS  SUBSTITUTE  has  been enabled, the dollar sign marks the
      beginning of a substitution label.  RUNOFF will then substitute  the
      text  specified by a .DEFINE SUBSTITUTE command for the label.  Per-
      manently defined substitutions are already in affect for the current
      date and time.  See:  .FLAGS SUBSTITUTE.  
3 BREAK

 |  Vertical bar   BREAK character 

      If .FLAGS BREAK is enabled, this character indicates where a word or
      expression may be broken.  A word containing a break will not be hy-
      phenated,  but  will be broken if necessary.  Words may contain both
      specified hyphenation  and  break  points.   You  can  automatically
      specify  breaks  on a character by using the .AUTOBREAK command.  If
      .TAB RIGHT is enabled, this  flag  also  marks  where  a  string  is
      justified.   If the break character appears at the end of a line, it
      specifies that the next line is a continuation of the current one.  
3 INDEX

 >  Greater than   INDEX/SUBINDEX flags

      If .FLAGS INDEX is enabled, this character can be used to mark terms
      to be indexed.  If .FLAGS SUBINDEX is enabled, the character can  be
      used inside an .INDEX command to denote subindex terms.  For further
      explanation, see the section on indexing.  
3 EQUATION

 { } Braces   EQUATION formatting characters

      If  .FLAGS EQUATION is enabled, these characters are used to delimit
      either the numerator or denominator of a  fraction.   The  numerator
      and denominator are further separated by a slash "/".  
      (Not available in DSR) 
3 USER_DEFINED

 ????  User defined flags
      The  user  can define any other special character as a flag by using
      the .FLAGS SPECIAL or .FLAGS ESCAPE commands.  Any flag  so  defined
      obeys  the printing rules defined above.  The meaning of the flag is
      entirely up to the user.  
      (Not available in DSR) 
3 NOTE


                                   NOTE

      All of the above flags can be undefined by a .NO FLAGS command.
      They can be defined and changed to a different character  by  a
      .FLAGS  command.   For example, if you use the equals sign fre-
      quently, you can change the hyphenation flag to the seldom used
      tilde.  This is done by entering the following line:  
           .FLAGS HYPHENATE ~ 


2 FORMAT_OF_COMMANDS

 This  chapter  contains a list of all RUNOFF commands.  You may not want to
 read all of this chapter, as it is intended to be a reference  manual.   If
 you have never used RUNOFF before, then you should read the chapter "INTRO-
 DUCTION TO THE COMMANDS".  

 All commands begin with a period(.).  Any line in the source file beginning
 with a period is assumed to contain one or  more  commands.   If  the  text
 after the period is not recognized as a command, an error message is typed.
 Most commands have arguments following them.  An argument is  a  number  or
 string of text that controls how the command works.  Multiple arguments can
 be separated by spaces, tabs, or commas.  If the arguments are separated by
 commas,  any number of tabs or spaces can appear before or after the comma.
 Certain conventions are used to describe the arguments of  a  command.   If
 the argument is enclosed inside square brackets [], it can be omitted.  
3 NUMBERS

 Most  arguments  are  numbers.  If the number is preceded by a minus sign
 (-), it will be entered as a negative value.  If it is preceded by +-, it
 is  a  relative argument.  A relative argument changes the old value by +
 or - the value specified.  Many arguments have limits.  For example, page
 numbers  must be within the range 1 to 8,388,607.  Each command documents
 the limits on its arguments.  

 For  example, the command .LEFT MARGIN 5, will set the left margin to ex-
 actly 5, whereas the command .LEFT MARGIN +5 will set the left margin  to
 its  old  value  plus 5, and .LEFT MARGIN -5 will set it to the old value
 minus 5.  
3 LITERALS

 Some  commands have literal arguments.  A literal is a string of text en-
 closed in either apostrophes (') or quotes (").  If quotes  are  used  to
 delimit  the  string  and  you wish to use a quote inside the string, you
 must use two quotes in a row.  Similarly, if  the  text  is  enclosed  in
 apostrophes, a double apostrophe within the text will be interpreted as a
 single apostrophe.  For example legal literals are:  
      '"legal" literal' 
      """legal"" literal" 
 Either of these will appear as:  "legal" literal 
 The following are not legal literals:  
      'illegal literal" 
      'illegal' literal' 
      ''illegal literal' 
 Tabs  enclosed  inside a literal are treated as single spaces.  A literal
 is also terminated by the end of a line.  (This termination might not  be
 supported in future versions.) 
3 MULTIPLE

 More  than one command can be entered on a single line.  The commands can
 be optionally separated by a semicolon ";", spaces, or tabs.  If a  semi-
 colon  is  used  as a separator, the next command must immediately follow
 with no intervening spaces or tabs.  A command that is followed  by  text
 must  be the last command on a line, and cannot have other commands after
 it on the same line.  These include:  
   .APPENDIX        .CHAPTER         .FIRST TITLE     .HEADER LEVEL 
   .INDEX           .LIST ELEMENT    .REQUIRE         .SEND 
   .SUBTITLE        .TITLE 
 For example, the following is a legal set of commands all on 1 line:  

      .TT 10 .Fill;.EH .Title GONE WITH THE WIND 

 Commands  can  have  text  following them, provided the text is separated
 from the command by a semicolon (;).  For  example,  the  following  line
 will produce a centered title.  
      .C;THIS IS A TITLE 
 When  the semicolon is used as a separator, it indicates that the rest of
 the line is to be treated just as if a new line had begun.  
3 ABBREVIATIONS

 Many commands can be abbreviated.  Standard abbreviations are given below
 each command.  Many other abbreviations will work, but only the  standard
 ones  are  guaranteed  to  work.   Multi-word commands can appear without
 spaces.  For example, the following forms of the .PAGE SIZE  command  are
 all legal:  
      .PAGE  SIZE 20,20, 4, 1, 1
      .PAGE SIZE 20 , 20
      .PAGESIZE 20 20
      .PS ,,1,2
      .ps , , 1 2
      .PAG SIZ 25

 Many  commands  have  defaults.   In  other  words, if an argument is not
 specified, a default value of the argument will be used.  
3 USER

 It  is  possible to define your own commands.  RUNOFF will search for ei-
 ther a standard command or a user defined command.  To specify one or the
 other,  preface a user command with an underscore "_" and a standard com-
 mand with a dollar sign "$".  For example, you might have a user  command
 called FIGURE, but there is also a standard command of the same name.  To
 use your command, type 
      ._FIGURE 
 and to use the standard command, type 
      .$FIGURE 
2 COMMANDS
3 BLANK

 .BLANK [-n] 
 .B [-n] 

      skips  n  absolute  lines.   .BLANK  is  like .SKIP, except that the
      number of lines skipped is independent of line spacing.  If the page
      is empty, .BLANK does nothing.  n can be negative to move to n lines
      from the end of the page.  The maximum value of n is 127 for  normal
      spacing and 255 for half spacing.  .BLANK should not be used to skip
      lines to leave room for artwork or figures because no lines will  be
      skipped  if the current position is at the top of a page.  Values of
      n that are negative or greater than 6 are not allowed  in  footnotes
      or text sections.  .BLANK 6 will leave 1 inch of space on the page. 
           DEFAULT:  .BLANK 1 
3 BREAK

 .BREAK 
 .BR 

      causes  a  break.   That is, the current line will be output with no
      justification, and the next word of the source text will  be  placed
      at the beginning of the next line.  

 .BREAK LINE
 .BRL

      causes  a  break at the end of the next line.  (Useful when defining
      commands.) 
3 CENTER

 .CENTER [LINE][+-n] 
 .CENTRE [+-n] 
 .C [LINE] [+-n] 

      causes a break, and centers the following line of text in the source
      file.  If n is not specified, the centering will be halfway  between
      the  right and left margins.  If n is specified as an absolute argu-
      ment (no sign), the centering will be over column n.  If n is a  re-
      lative  argument, the centering will be over the default center plus
      the relative value of n.  If  a  .RIGHT  command  has  been  already
      specified  for the current line, the .CENTER command will be treated
      as an error.  Tab stops are converted to single spaces for  centered
      lines.  


                                      NOTE

           The  definition  of n differs from the previous version of
           RUNOFF and DSR.  


4 TEXT

 .CENTER TEXT [+-n] 
 .C TEXT [+-n] 
   .END CENTER 
   .ECN 

      centers  lines of text that follow until an .END CENTER command is
      encountered.  .CENTER TEXT differs from .CENTER LINE in that  will
      center more than 1 line of text.  Centering automatically prevents
      filling and justification.  The argument n has the same meaning as
      for .CENTER LINE.  (NOT available in DSR) 
3 FIGURE

 .FIGURE [n] 
 .FG n 

      leaves n lines blank to make room for a figure or diagram.  If fewer
      than n lines remain on the current page, the page is advanced and  n
      blank  lines  are left at the top of the next page.  .FIGURE guaran-
      tees that n blank lines will be generated, while  .BLANK  will  does
      not  if the position happens to be at the top or bottom of the page.
      If n is greater than the number of  lines/page,  an  entirely  blank
      page  is  produced.  If a figure caption follows the figure command,
      it may not appear on the same page  as  the  reserved  space  unless
      .TEST  TEXT  has  been used to guarantee enough space.  To guarantee
      the caption and figure are on the same page, use .TEXT.  .FIGURE  is
      not  allowed  during  footnotes.   If  the current page doesn't have
      enough space for the figure, the rest of the page is left blank  and
      n  lines  are  left  blank at the top of the next page.  The maximum
      value of n is 127 for normal spacing and 255 for half spacing.  
           DEFAULT:  .FIGURE 1 
4 DEFERRED

 .FIGURE DEFERRED [n]
 .FGD [n]

      reserves  n  lines on the current page, or, if there is not enough
      room, n lines at the top of the next page.  This  command  differs
      from  .FIGURE  in  that  if there is no room for the figure on the
      current page, the current page will be filled with text  right  to
      the  bottom line.  Unlike .FIGURE, this command cannot be followed
      by the figure caption unless the .TEXT DEFERRED command  is  used.
      .FIGURE  DEFERRED can not be used inside a footnote, note, or text
      section.  The maximum value of n is 127 for normal spacing and 255
      for half spacing.  .FIGURE DEFERRED is equivalent to:  
           .TEXT DEFERRED .BLANK n .END TEXT 
3 INDENT

 .INDENT [-n] 
 .I [-n] 
 .LEFT [-n]
 .L [-n]

      causes  a  break,  and  sets  the next line to begin n spaces to the
      right of the left margin.  If the value of n is negative,  the  next
      line  will  begin  to  the left of the left margin.  However, a line
      cannot begin to the left of column 0.  
           DEFAULT:  .INDENT paragraph-indentation 
3 PARAGRAPH

 .PARAGRAPH [-n], [v], [t], [b]
 .P [-n], [v], [t], [b] 

      causes  a break, and starts a paragraph.  If n is present, it speci-
      fies the number of spaces the paragraph is to be indented.   (n  can
      also  have  a negative value).  v is the vertical spacing, or number
      of lines between paragraphs.  v can range from 0 to  5.   t  is  the
      TEST  TEXT  value.   If there is not room for t lines on the page, a
      new page is started.  b is the bottom test value.  It specifies  the
      minimum number of lines allowed on the next page.  For example, if b
      is 2, then any paragraph that is split between two pages  will  have
      at  least  2 lines on the second page.  t and b are ignored during a
      text section or footnote.  .PARAGRAPH is equivalent to:  
           .SKIP v .INDENT n .TEST TEXT t,b 
           (parameter b is not available in DSR) 
4 SET

 .SET PARAGRAPH [-n], [v], [t], [b]
 .SPR [-n], [v], [t], [b]

      sets   the   paragraph  parameters  without  actually  starting  a
      paragraph.  The parameters specified in this command also have  an
      effect on the following commands:  
           .PARAGRAPH     .LIST ELEMENT  .NOTE          .PRINT INDEX
           .DO INDEX 

           DEFAULT:  .SET PARAGRAPH 5,1,2,2 
3 RIGHT

 .RIGHT [-n] 
 .R [-n] 

      breaks  the  line,  and  places the text that follows flush with the
      right margin if n is zero or unspecified.  If n  is  specified,  the
      text  is  placed n spaces to the left (n positive) or n to the right
      (n negative) of the right margin.  If .RIGHT is issued after .CENTER
      or  .CENTER  TEXT,  but  before .END CENTER, the command will be re-
      jected with a "conflicting command" message.   Tab  stops  are  con-
      verted to single spaces for right justified lines.  

 .RIGHT TEXT [-n]
 .R TEXT [-n]
   .END RIGHT
   .ER

      begins  a  section  of  text  all of which is to be right justified.
      Each input line after this command causes a  break,  until  an  .END
      RIGHT is encountered.  
3 SKIP

 .SKIP [-n] 
 .S [-n] 

      skips n spaced lines.  The number of blank lines produced is n times
      the spacing.  If the position is currently at the  top  of  a  page,
      .SKIP does nothing.  If n is larger than the number of lines left on
      the page, a new page is started but no lines are skipped on it.  The
      maximum  value  of  n  is  127  for  normal spacing and 255 for half
      spacing.  If n is negative, RUNOFF will skip n lines from the bottom
      of  the page.  Negative skips will work if the position is currently
      at the top of a page.  Skip should not be used  to  leave  room  for
      artwork  or figures;  use .FIGURE or .TEXT instead.  Negative skips,
      or skips greater than 6, are not allowed during  footnotes  or  text
      sections.   If  n  is  not specified, it is assumed to be 1.  If the
      spacing is 1, .SKIP 6 will leave 1 inch of space.  If the spacing is
      2 or 3, then 2 or 3 inches will be left.  
           DEFAULT:  .SKIP 1 
3 FOOTNOTE

 .FOOTNOTE 
 .FN 

      saves space for a footnote.  When the bottom of the page is reached,
      the text following the .FOOTNOTE command will be printed.  If insuf-
      ficient  room remains on the current page, the footnote continues at
      the bottom of the following page.  The text of the  footnote  begins
      on  the  line  following  the  .FOOTNOTE command, and ends with .END
      FOOTNOTE.  Indentation, case lock, justify, margins,  spacing,  bar,
      and fill are preserved around footnotes.  In addition, all status is
      preserved.  See .SAVE STATUS.  However, commands  that  affect  page
      formatting  are illegal in a footnote.  A footnote within a footnote
      is also illegal.  If the footnote overflows from  the  current  page
      onto  the  next  page, it is possible that the line referring to the
      footnote will also be printed on the next page.   To  prevent  this,
      either  preface  the  .FOOTNOTE command with a command that causes a
      break, or place enough text between the reference and the command to
      guarantee  a  full line of text.  Normally .FOOTNOTE does not draw a
      line between the body of the text and the footnotes.  If you want  a
      line to be drawn automatically, use .PERMANENT FOOTNOTE.  
4 END

 .END FOOTNOTE 
 .EFN

      causes a break, and ends a footnote.  The previous version of RUN-
      OFF used an exclamation point "!" to  do  this.   The  exclamation
      point  is  not  supported  in  this  version.   Each  .FOOTNOTE or
      .PERMANENT FOOTNOTE command must be followed by an  .END  FOOTNOTE
      command.  Other versions of RUNOFF also required a parameter after
      the .FOOTNOTE command.  
4 PERMANENT

 .PERMANENT FOOTNOTE
 .PFN

      saves  information  for a permanent footnote header.  This command
      may only be issued before other footnote commands.  If it  is  is-
      sued and a footnote command has already been given for the current
      page, an error will be generated.  Text following this command  is
      taken  as  a permanent footnote header that is printed between the
      body of text on a page and the footnotes at the bottom.  Permanent
      margins,  spacing,  and  fill/justify  mode  are  also  set up for
      footnotes.  The left margin, right margin, and spacing can be  set
      during a permanent footnote, and their values will be restored be-
      fore every subsequent .FOOTNOTE command.  For example, to separate
      the  footnote  from the text by a blank line and a divider, and to
      indent both margins by 2 with no justification, you could use  the
      following sequence of instructions:  
           (NOT available in DSR) 

           .PERMANENT FOOTNOTE 
           .LEFT MARGIN +2 .RIGHT MARGIN -2 .NO JUSTIFY 
           .SKIP 2;------- footnote ------- 
           .END FOOTNOTE 

      A permanent footnote will not be printed at the bottom of the page
      if no regular footnotes are declared.  If the  permanent  footnote
      is longer than 6 lines, it is rejected with an error message.  

3 NOTE

 .NOTE [;][title] 
 .NT [;][title]

      formats notes.  A note is text set off from the rest of the document
      by reduced margins and a centered title.  The text of the note  fol-
      lows  the  .NOTE command, and is terminated by an .END NOTE command.
      .NOTE skips 2 lines, reduces both margins, centers  the  title  text
      (if  no  text  is  given,  it centers the word "NOTE"), skips 1 more
      line, and issues a .TEST TEXT t,b, where t and b are  determined  by
      the last .PARAGRAPH or .SET PARAGRAPH command.  The text of the note
      is then printed.  The same indentation is applied to both  the  left
      and  right  margins.  The amount of indentation that is applied will
      be 20,15,10, or 5, whichever produces no more than a  25%  reduction
      in the text line.  If the indentation produces a text line less than
      the minimum, no  indentation  is  used,  and  an  error  message  is
      produced.  
           Unlike DSR, notes may not be imbedded inside other notes.  

 .END NOTE [n]
 .EN [n]

      terminates  the .NOTE command, skips n lines, and resets the margins
      and spacing modes to their settings before the last .NOTE command.  
           DEFAULT:  .END NOTE 2 
3 PAGE

 .PAGE
 .PG 

      causes a BREAK and an advance to a new page.  If the current page is
      empty, a page advance is not performed.  Like an automatic page  ad-
      vance,  this command prints the title (if given) and page numbers on
      every page.  The next page number can be selected with  the  .NUMBER
      command.  This command is illegal during a footnote or note.  

      If you wish to end the page without causing a break in the text, use
      .IMMEDIATE TEST TEXT (.ITT).  To produce a break at the end  of  the
      current line, use .ITT 127.  

 .PAGE EVEN
 .PGE

      causes  a  page  advance to the next even numbered page, skipping an
      odd numbered page if necessary.  This command is  illegal  during  a
      subpage, footnote, note, or text section.  
           (not available in DSR) 

 .PAGE ODD
 .PGO

      causes  a  page  advance  to the next odd numbered page, skipping an
      even numbered page if necessary.  This command is illegal  during  a
      subpage, footnote, note, or text section.  
           (not available in DSR) 
3 SUBPAGE

 .SUBPAGE 
 .SPG 
   .END SUBPAGE 
   .ES 

      produces  a  new  page, but the page number is unchanged and letters
      are appended to the page  number  until  an  .END  PAGE  command  is
      encountered.  This command permits the insertion of additional pages
      within an existing  document  without  changing  the  existing  page
      numbering.   Subpages  can  be  renumbered  with the .NUMBER SUBPAGE
      command.  While subpaging is in effect, .TEXT commands are  illegal.
      Deferred text is never printed on subpages.  

      For  example, if you are on page 5 and .SUBPAGE is used, a page num-
      bered 5A will be produced.  Subsequent pages will be numbered 5B, 5C
      and so on.  After an .END SUBPAGE, the next page number will be 6.  
3 PAGING

 .PAGING 
 .PA
   .NO PAGING 
   .NPA 

      turns  document  paging  on  or  off and causes a break in the text.
      When no paging is in effect, neither footnotes nor text sections are
      allowed,  but  a  new  page  can be produced with the .PAGE command.
      .CHAPTER, .APPENDIX, or .PAGE  SIZE  commands  will  enable  paging.
      These commands are illegal inside a note, footnote, or text section.
           DEFAULT:  PAGING 
3 TEXT

 .TEXT
 .TX
   .END TEXT 
   .ETX 

      specifies  a  text  section that is to be kept all on one page.  The
      text section is ended by  a  .PAGE,  .END  TEXT,  or  another  .TEXT
      command.   If  the  text  section  is too long to fit on the current
      page, the rest of the current page will be  blank  and  the  section
      will begin at the beginning of the next page.  With this command you
      can guarantee that a given section of text will not be split between
      2  pages unless it is too long to fit on 1 page.  If a .PAGE command
      terminates a section, the rest of the page after the section will be
      blank.  This command is illegal inside a footnote, note, or subpage.
      Likewise, footnotes and .TEST PAGE, .TEST TEXT, or .FIGURE  DEFERRED
      are illegal inside this command.  This command causes a break.  
           (not available in DSR) 
4 DEFERRED

 .TEXT DEFERRED
 .TXDEF

      starts a text section that will be printed later if it doesn't fit
      on the current page.  The normal .TEXT command leaves  the  bottom
      of  the  current  page blank if the text section doesn't fit.  The
      .TEXT DEFERRED command will save the text for  printing  on  later
      pages if necessary.  If text is deferred, the current page will be
      filled with the text that follows the  next  .END  TEXT  or  .PAGE
      command.   The  deferred  text  section  is terminated by a .TEXT,
      .TEXT DEFERRED, .END TEXT, or  .PAGE  command.   Several  deferred
      sections  can  be  defined at one time;  they will appear on later
      pages as necessary.  The .TEXT DEFERRED command is useful for  de-
      fining  figures  with  captions.  If the page length is changed in
      the middle of the document, deferred pages might not  appear  cor-
      rectly,  since  the  decision  to  defer  the text is based on the
      original page size.  This command causes a break.  
4          NOTE


                                  NOTE

      .TEXT  DEFERRED  does  not modify the rules applicable to the
      .SKIP, .FIGURE and .BLANK commands.  If a .SKIP command  fol-
      lows  the  .TEXT command and the text appears at the top of a
      page, the .SKIP command is ignored.  This will cause  trouble
      when a .TEXT DEFERRED is followed by .PAGE.  If .SKIP follows
      the .TEXT DEFERRED, it will be ignored and the text  will  be
      shortened  with  the  result  that the intended text will not
      fill the page, and regular lines might appear at  the  bottom
      of  the  page.   If  you  need to skip lines after .TEXT, you
      should use the .FIGURE command to reserve exactly  the  space
      you need.  


4 EXAMPLE

                                Examples

 To reserve 10 blank lines followed by a caption:  
      .TEXT DEFERRED .FIGURE 10 
      This is figure 3.5 
      .END TEXT 

 To reserve a whole page with 50 blank lines followed by a caption:  
      .TEXT DEFERRED .FIGURE 50 
      This is figure 3.6 
      .PAGE 

 To reserve room for 2 figures in a row:  
      .TEXT DEFERRED .FIGURE 20 
      Figure 3.7 
      TEXT DEFERRED .FIGURE 20 
      Figure 3.8 
      .END TEXT 
4 FLUSH

 .FLUSH

      flushes  out all deferred text.  If a .PAGE command is issued with
      deferred text pending, you are not guaranteed of getting  a  blank
      page.   A  blank  page  could, of course, be guaranteed by issuing
      several page commands in a row, but a  better  way  of  forcing  a
      blank page is 
           .FLUSH .PAGE 
3 TEST
 The  test  commands  check  to see if there is enough room on the current
 page for more text.  
      (not available in DSR) 
4 PAGE

 .TEST PAGE [t] [,b] 
 .TP [t] [,b]

      causes  a  BREAK followed by a conditional page advance.  If there
      are fewer than t lines left on the page, an advance  to  the  next
      page  is  performed.   When  you  specify  b,  test  page operates
      slightly differently:  the text following the test page up to  the
      next  command  that causes a break is treated as a block.  Thus, b
      is useful in preventing orphan lines.   t  specifies  the  minimum
      number  of  lines at the top of the block and b the minimum number
      of lines at the bottom.  The text will be arranged to maintain the
      minimum  number  of lines/page.  In other words, the first t lines
      will all be on the same page, and the last b lines will  also  all
      be  on  a single page.  The first t lines might not necessarily be
      on the same page with last b lines.  
           (The b parameter is not available in DSR) 

 .IMMEDIATE TEST PAGE [t] [,b]
 .ITP [t] [,b]

      performs a .TEST PAGE, but doesn't cause a break.  If fewer than t
      lines remain on the current page, a new page is  started  and  the
      current line becomes the first line on the new page.  This command
      is useful if you wish to test for sufficient space on the  current
      page without breaking the line.  
           (not available in DSR) 
4 TEXT

 .TEST TEXT [t] [,b]
 .TT [t] [,b]

      causes  a  break  and  tests to see if there is enough room on the
      current page for t lines of text.  If not, a new page is  started.
      This  command differs from .TEST PAGE in that the actual space re-
      quired will depend on the current spacing.  
           (not available in DSR) 

 .IMMEDIATE TEST TEXT [t] [,b]
 .ITT [t] [,b]

      performs a .TEST TEXT without causing a break.  
           (not available in DSR) 
3 TITLE

 .TITLE [;][text] 
 .T [;][text] 
   .NO TITLE 

      break  the  text  and set the title for the top of the page.  .TITLE
      takes the remaining text as the title and outputs it on  every  page
      at line 0.  The title is normally left justified with respect to the
      permanent left margin.  See the .PAGE SIZE command.   The  permanent
      margins  allow  different margins for the headers than for the text.
      Titles are also produced by these commands:  .FIRST TITLE, .CHAPTER,
      or  .APPENDIX.   Titles  can contain any special characters, but au-
      toindexing will not work and tabs are converted to spaces.  Normally
      only  the flags enabled at the last .TITLE or .SUBTITLE command will
      be used in producing the title/subtitle.  If you wish to control the
      flags,  use  the  .SAVE  HEADER  command.  If a flag is specified or
      removed with a .FLAGS command, all subsequent titles  and  subtitles
      will be affected.  

      .NO  TITLE  inhibits printing of either the title or the subtitle at
      the top of the page.  Title printing is  reinstated  by  the  .TITLE
      command.  
           (The optional [;] is not used in DSR) 
4 FIRST

 .FIRST TITLE [;][text]
 .FT [;][text]

      is  similar  to  .TITLE,  but  is  used to specify the title to be
      printed on the first page of  the  document.   This  command  must
      precede  all text in the source file.  Use of the FIRST TITLE com-
      mand is the only way to print a title line on the  first  page  of
      the  document.   If  the page number is formatted to appear on the
      same line as the title, it will not appear on the first  page  un-
      less  a  .FIRST  TITLE  command is issued.  If the title is blank,
      only the page number will be printed.  If the page  number  is  at
      the  bottom  of  the  page,  it  will be printed on the first page
      whether or not a .FIRST TITLE command is used.  The  .FIRST  TITLE
      command is equivalent to:  
           .HEADERS .TITLE [ text ] 

      (DSR  doesn't  support  any parameters after .FIRST TITLE.  If you
      wish to use this command in the same way as DSR, include a  .TITLE
      command on the line after .FIRST TITLE.) 
3 SUBTITLE

 .SUBTITLE [;][text] 
 .ST [;][text]

      specifies  the text to be used as the subtitle that appears directly
      under the title.  The subtitle is aligned on the same margin as  the
      title.   The  subtitle is not printed if the .NO TITLE command is in
      force.  If you do not wish to have a  subtitle,  use  the  .SUBTITLE
      command without any text.  
           (The optional [;] is not used in DSR) 
3 LAYOUT

 .LAYOUT [code] [,spacing]
 .LO [code] [,spacing]

      breaks the current line and changes the layout of the title and page
      numbers on the page.  This command does not have any affect  on  the
      current  page.  The next page will have the new layout.  If you want
      to change only the first page of  each  chapter,  use  the  .CHAPTER
      LAYOUT  command.   The  spacing is the number of blank lines between
      the last line on the page and the page number.  If the  code  is  0,
      then  the  spacing  is the number of blank lines minus 1 between the
      bottom of the text and the bottom of the page.  Pages with different
      layouts but the same spacing will have the same number of lines on a
      page regardless of whether the page number is at the top  or  bottom
      of  the  page.  If the spacing is omitted, it is assumed to be 2 ex-
      cept for code 0.  For code  0,  it  is  assumed  to  be  -1  if  not
      specified.   If  layout 0 is used, the first page of a document will
      not have a page number unless .FIRST TITLE or .HEADERS commands  are
      used at the beginning.  However, all other layouts will number every
      page.  This is consistent with DSR usage.  The layout codes are:  

4 CODE
 CODE  PAGE LAYOUT 
 ----  ---- ------
 0     Title flush left, page number flush right 
 1     Title center ,number bottom center 
 2     Title right odd page/left even ,number bottom center 
 3     Title left, number bottom center 
 4     Title left, number bottom right 
 5     Title center, number bottom right 
 6     Title center, number bottom right odd/left even 
 7     Title top, number bottom, both right odd/left even 
 8     Title left, number right odd/left even 
 9     Title right odd/left even, number bottom right 
 10    Title center, number bottom left 
 11    Title right odd/left even, number bottom left 
 12    Title left, number bottom left 
 13    Title right, number bottom left 
 14    Title right, number bottom center 
 15    Title right, number bottom right odd/left even 
 16    Title right, number bottom right 
      DEFAULT:  .LAYOUT 0 
      (Codes 5-16 not available in DSR) 
4 CHAPTER

 .CHAPTER LAYOUT [code] [,spacing]
 .CHLO [code] [,spacing]

      changes  the  layout  for  the first page of a chapter or appendix
      without having any effect on  other  pages.   The  parameters  are
      specified  in the same manner as for the .LAYOUT command.  If this
      command is not used, or used with no parameters, the  layout  will
      be the same for all pages of a document.  
           (Not available in DSR) 
3 HEADERS

 .HEADERS [on]
 .HD [on]
   .NO HEADERS [on]
   .NHD

      control  whether  the page header (title, subtitle, and page number)
      is printed.  If a layout other than 0 is used, the  page  number  is
      still  printed at the bottom of the page and only the title and sub-
      title can be suppressed.  If the header lines are disabled, the text
      begins at the top margin where the header would normally start.  The
      first page of output from RUNOFF is formatted as if the .NO  HEADERS
      command  had been issued, while subsequent pages are formatted as if
      the .HEADERS command had been issued.  This can be changed by  issu-
      ing the .FIRST TITLE command before any text on the first page.  
4 SPACING

 .HEADERS SPACING [n]
 .HDSP [n]

      sets  the  spacing  between  the title and the first line of text.
      The value n is the number of lines to skip.  If n  is  not  speci-
      fied, the current spacing per line of text is used as the default.
      The minimum value for n is 1.  If 0 is specified, the value  of  1
      is assumed.  
           DEFAULT:  .HEADER SPACING 3 
           (Not available in DSR) 
3 CHAPTER

 .CHAPTER [;][title]
 .CH [;][title] 

      indicates the beginning of a chapter with the specified title.  Suc-
      cessive   .CHAPTER   commands   number   the   following    chapters
      sequentially.   The title can contain escape sequences.  Tabs within
      the title are treated as ordinary spaces.  This command declares the
      layout to be chapter oriented, which has effects on the page numbers
      and the section headers.  The effect of this command is  as  if  the
      following command string were entered:  

           .NO HEADER .PAGE SIZE .PAGE 
           .FIGURE 12 .CENTER;  CHAPTER n 

      and  n  is incremented by 1 automatically.  After a "CHAPTER n", the
      following commands are performed:  

           .BLANK 2 .CENTER;  title 
           .BLANK 3 .TITLE title 
           .FILL .HEADER .SUBTITLE 
4 RESULT

 The  resulting  chapter  heading will have a centered title and chapter
 number.  The chapters of this document are an example  of  the  chapter
 format.   All special printer features* are turned off, and underlining
 is turned off at the beginning of the chapter  and  after  the  chapter
 title.   In addition the case, margins, spacing, and justify/fill modes
 are reset, any subtitles are cleared, and the chapter name  is  set  to
 the  title.   The  title will appear in CAPS unless it contains a shift
 down (\\).  If the .NO AUTOTITLE or .NO TITLE command is used, the page
 title will not automatically be the same as the chapter title.  To con-
 trol the margins and spacing, use the .PAGE SIZE  command  to  set  the
 permanent margins and spacing before the .CHAPTER command is executed. 

 It  is  possible  to  reformat  the  chapters  with  the .STYLE CHAPTER
 command.  Chapter numbers can  be  selected  to  be  letters  or  Roman
 numerals  with the .DISPLAY CHAPTER command.  In addition, the .DISPLAY
 CHAPTER command can be used to change the  word  "CHAPTER"  to  another
 word,  or just blank space.  .DISPLAY CHAPTER can underline chapter ti-
 tles, or use bolding on printers that support this feature.  The  STYLE
 and  DISPLAY  commands,  when  used  together, can completely alter the
 chapter header.  
4 STYLE

 .STYLE CHAPTER [n1],[-n2],[-n3],[-n4],[-n5]
 .STCH [n1],[-n2],[-n3],[-n4],[-n5]

      changes the style of the chapter and appendix headers.  
           1.  n1 = Number of lines to skip before the word CHAPTER.  
           2.  n2 = Number  of lines to skip after the word CHAPTER.  If
               n2=-1, the title and the word CHAPTER will appear on  the
               same line.  
           3.  n3 = Number  of  lines  between  the  title and text.  If
               n3=-1, the title and any following text will be placed on
               the same line.  
           4.  n4 = Number of spaces to indent the word CHAPTER.  
           5.  n5 = Number  of  spaces to indent the title.  If n4 or n5
               are -1, the line will be centered.  If n4 or n5  are  -2,
               the line will be right justified.  
           DEFAULT:  .STYLE CHAPTER 12,1,3,-1,-1.  
           (Not available in DSR) 
3 APPENDIX

 .APPENDIX [;][title] 
 .AX [;][title]

      indicates  the  start of an appendix with the specified title.  Suc-
      cessive .APPENDIX commands assign identifying letters in  alphabeti-
      cal  order.   This  command  performs the same functions as .CHAPTER
      except that an appendix results.  This command acts as if  the  fol-
      lowing command string were entered:  

           .NO HEADER .PAGE SIZE .PAGE
           .FIGURE 12 .CENTER  APPENDIX a
           .BLANK 2 .CENTER; title
           .BLANK 3 .TITLE title
           .FILL .HEADER .SUBTITLE 

      The  letter  following the word APPENDIX is incremented before it is
      printed.  Both .STYLE CHAPTER and .DISPLAY APPENDIX alter  the  look
      of the appendix header.  
3 sections
 A   section   header   consists   of   a   section  number  of  the  form
 n1.n2.n3... followed by a section  title.   If  either  the  .CHAPTER  or
 .APPENDIX  command  has  been  used, then the current chapter or appendix
 number is attached to the front of the section number, giving it the form
 n0.n1.n2.n3...  The level of the section header is equal to the number of
 numbers in the section header (not counting n0).  The exception is header
 level  1, which has the form n.0.  The .STYLE HEADERS command can be used
 to override the default form and print section numbers as a single number
 or  letter, or with no number at all.  The following commands control the
 header levels.  See also .DISPLAY LEVELS, .NUMBER LEVEL, .ENABLE TRAILING
 ZERO and .ENABLE LEVELS.  
4 example

                                Examples

 Here is an example of the first header level:  
      1.0 The first header level!  

 Here is an example of a header at level 4:  
      1.2.3.4 Example of a header 

 The following is a header at level 6:  
      3.1.1.1.1.1 Example of a header 

 The following is a header at level 3 in chapter number 7:  
      7.3.2.1 
4 LEVEL

 .HEADER LEVEL [+-n] [;][title]
 .HL [+-n] [;][title]

      starts  a  section  with  the specified section number and section
      title.  n can range from 1 to 6.  Successive  .HEADER  LEVEL  com-
      mands  at  the  same  level  cause the section numbers to increase
      sequentially.  If the document is chapter oriented, then n will be
      the  chapter  number.   Otherwise,  it  is the number of the .HL 1
      level.  The .HEADER LEVEL command issues the commands:  

           .BREAK .TEST PAGE 7 .BLANK 2  

      then  prints the section number, two spaces, and the section name.
      If the level number is  preceded  by  + or -,  the  current  level
      number is the previous one + or - the value specified.  

      If  the title is omitted, only the number is printed, and the next
      line of text follows, separated by 2 spaces.   In  this  case,  no
      distinction is made between different level numbers.  

      If  the  title  is too long to fit on 1 line, it is filled, justi-
      fied, and continued on the next line with indentation to  line  up
      with  the  first  part  of the title.  Autohyphenation is not per-
      formed on header titles.  
4 default

                                 DEFAULT

 LEVEL 1 capitalizes the section title and skips a line.  
 LEVEL 2 prints the section title (no caps) and skips a line.  
 LEVELS  3,4,5  The  title  and the text following it are separated by a
           dash.  

 These defaults can be changed by the .STYLE HEADERS command.  
4 SET

 .SET LEVEL +-n
 .SL +-n

      Sets the level for the next HEADER LEVEL command.  
4 STYLE

 .STYLE HEADERS [n1],[n2],...[n9],[n10] 
 .STHL [n1],...[n10] 

      changes  the  format  used  for various levels of section headers.
      .STYLE HEADERS also causes a line break.  If a value is  not  sup-
      plied, the default is used.  Default values are shown below in (). 
      n1 = Lowest level at which text starts on same line as title.  (3)
      n2 = Lowest level with title capitalized.  (1) 
      n3 = Highest level with first letter of title in CAPS.  (6) 
      n4 = Lowest level with no level number.  (7) 
      n5 = Lowest level with centered title and number.  If the title
           and text are on the same line, no centering occurs.  (7) 
      n6 = Number of blank lines before the header.  (2) 
      n7 = Number of blank lines after the title.  (1) 
      n8 = Implicit test page value (7) 
      n9 = Number of spaces between section number and title.  (2) 
      n10= Largest level printed as n.m....  (6)
                (n10 not available in DSR) 
                DEFAULT:  STYLE HEADERS 3,1,6,7,7,2,1,7,2,6 
4 INDENT

 .INDENT LEVELS n1,n2

      causes the header levels to be indented by n1 from the left margin
      and n2 from the right margin.  A positive value of n1  causes  in-
      dentation to the right of the left margin.  A positive value of n2
      causes indentation to the left of the right margin.  
           (Not available in DSR) 

 .INDENT LEVEL TITLES [n1],[n2]...[n6]

      causes the section titles to be indented from the normal level in-
      dention by an additional fixed amount.  This can be used, for  ex-
      ample,  to  line up all of the titles for level 1 independently of
      the titles for level 2.  If the spacing specified  in  the  .STYLE
      HEADERS  command  is  greater  then  the  spacing specified by the
      .INDENT LEVEL TITLES, the style spacing is used.  When n is  omit-
      ted the indentation is not altered.  
           DEFAULT:  .INDENT LEVEL TITLES 0,0,0,0,0,0 
3 AUTOBREAK

 .AUTOBREAK ["characters-to-test"]
 .AB ["characters-to-test"]
   .NO AUTOBREAK ["characters-to-disable"]
   .NAB

      enables   or  disables  automatic  optional  breaks  after  selected
      characters.  The selected characters  are  specified  in  a  literal
      string.   For  example,  to  produce breaks after hyphens, issue the
      command .AB '-'.  Then, if the word self-deceit overflows the end of
      a  line, the word will break after the hyphen.  This command is also
      useful in tabulation;   see  the  .TAB  RIGHT  command  for  further
      information.   If  you turn off autobreak for spaces, they no longer
      act as separators between words.  A character preceded by an  accept
      flag "_" will not autobreak.  
           (Not available in DSR) 
           DEFAULT:  .NO AUTOBREAK 
3 AUTOHYPHENATE

 .AUTOHYPHENATE [size],[begin],[end],[mode][,"chars"]
 .AH [size],[begin],[end],[mode][,"chars"]
   .NO AUTOHYPHENATE [,"chars"]
   .NAH [,"chars"]

      controls  automatic  hyphenation.   When  automatic  hyphenation  is
      turned  on,  words  will  be   hyphenated   automatically   wherever
      necessary.   If hyphenation is turned off with .DISABLE HYPHENATION,
      all hyphenation, including autohyphenation,  is  disabled  until  an
      .ENABLE  HYPHENATION  is issued.  Autohyphenation follows the normal
      rules of style.  A hyphenated word  will  always  have  at  least  2
      letters on the end of first line, and at least 3 on the beginning of
      the next.  These rules can be changed by the command parameters.  If
      a  command  parameter  is  omitted, it maintains its previous value.
      When automatic hyphenation is turned off, user  selectable  hyphena-
      tion  can  still  be  used.   Autohyphenation can be turned off tem-
      porarily for 1 word by preceding the word with the hyphenate flag.  

      .NO  AUTOHYPHENATE  turns  off  all  autohyphenation,  and specifies
      characters that are not allowed inside hyphenated words.  For  exam-
      ple,  specifying "." will prevent hyphenation of words at the end of
      sentences.  To allow autohyphenation, but disable  hyphenation  when
      these  characters are present, the .NO AUTOHYPHENATE command must be
      followed by the .AUTOHYPHENATE command.   For  additional  help  see
      .ENABLE HYPHENATION.  
4 PARAMETERS
      1.  size  = The minimum number of characters/word.  
      2.  begin = The minimum number of characters at the beginning of a
          line.  
      3.  end   = The minimum number of characters at end of a line.  
      4.  mode  =  The hyphenation mode.  0 produces maximum hyphenation
          with possibly some inaccuracy.  1 hyphenates according to  the
          suffix/prefix tables only, for maximum accuracy.  
      5.  "chars"= Special characters allowed in hyphenated words.  
      DEFAULT:  .AH 5,2,3,0,'\/.,()"@' 
      For more information see .ENABLE HYPHENATION.  
      (Not available in DSR) 
3 AUTOPARAGRAPH

 .AUTOPARAGRAPH 
 .AP 
   .NO AUTOPARAGRAPH 
   .NAP 

      controls  whether  any blank line or a line starting with a space or
      tab  is  to  be  considered  the   start   of   a   new   paragraph.
      .AUTOPARAGRAPH  allows  normally  typed text to be justified without
      special commands.  It does not cause a paragraph if blank lines  are
      followed  by  a  command.   Autoparagraphing  works  only if FILL is
      enabled.  When autoparagraphing and fill are enabled,  all  tabs  at
      the start of a line are removed.  
           SEE - .PARAGRAPH, .SET PARAGRAPH 
           DEFAULT:  .NO AUTOPARAGRAPH 
3 AUTOTABLE

 .AUTOTABLE 
 .AT
   .NO AUTOTABLE 
   .NAT 

      controls  whether or not lines starting with a space or tab are con-
      sidered to be the start of a new  paragraph.   This  command  allows
      normally  typed  text to be justified without special commands.  AU-
      TOTABLE works only if FILL is enabled.  When AUTOTABLE and FILL  are
      enabled,  all  tabs  at  the  start  of  a  line  are  removed.  See
      .AUTOPARAGRAPH.  
           DEFAULT:  .NO AUTOTABLE 
3 AUTOTITLE

 .AUTOTITLE
 .ATI
   .NO AUTOTITLE
   .NATI

      controls  the  generation  of  automatic  titles.  When AUTOTITLE is
      enabled, then each time a .CHAPTER or .APPENDIX  command  is  given,
      the  chapter  or appendix title will be used as the title at the top
      of the page.  
           DEFAULT:  .AUTOTITLE 
           (Not available in DSR) 
3 AUTOSUBTITLE

 .AUTOSUBTITLE [+-n]
 .AST [+-n]
   .NO AUTOSUBTITLE
   .NAST

      controls  the automatic changing of subtitles.  When AUTOSUBTITLE is
      enabled, each header level command lower than n sets the subtitle to
      the current header level title.  
           DEFAULT:  .NO AUTOSUBTITLE 
           The default for n is 1 
3 BEGIN_BAR

 .BEGIN BAR 
 .BB 
   .END BAR 
   .EB

      controls whether the change bar is printed in the document.  After a
      .BEGIN BAR, change bars are printed until an .END BAR.  See  .ENABLE
      BAR.  
3 FILL

 .FILL 
 .F 
   .NO FILL 
   .NF

      controls  whether  or  not  subsequent output lines are filled.  The
      .FILL command causes a break in the text, and sets the justification
      mode  to be that specified by the last appearance of .JUSTIFY or .NO
      JUSTIFY.  When FILL is enabled, successive  words  from  the  source
      text  are added to the output line until the adding of one more word
      would exceed the right margin.  If hyphenation  is  enabled,  RUNOFF
      will  attempt  to  break  words  that would cause line overflow into
      syllables.  The end of an input line is treated as  a  space  unless
      the  .NO  SPACE command has been issued.  Initially FILL is enabled,
      so it does not need to issued except after a .NO FILL.  .NO FILL  is
      useful  if  you want to type a table or text and you want the output
      to look exactly like the input.  (This could also be done  with  the
      .LITERAL command.) 
           DEFAULT:  .FILL 
4 RULES

                                  RULES
      1.  When  .FILL  is  enabled,  multiple  or  redundent  spaces are
          removed.  This includes the following:  
         (A)  Spaces following spaces.  
         (B)  Spaces following non expandable spaces "#".  
         (C)  Spaces following "tabs".  
         (D)  Spaces at the beginning of a line.  
      2.  When  FILL  is  enabled,  the end of a line is treated exactly
          like a space.  
      3.  If  both FILL and PERIOD are enabled, any punctuation followed
          by a space is converted to "punctuation",  "space",  "non  ex-
          pandable space".  
      4.  If  FILL  is disabled, the end of a line is treated as a break
          ("|").  
      5.  Regardless  of  whether  FILL  is  enabled or disabled, if the
          input line is longer than the available page size and it  con-
          tains  no  "normal"  spaces,  it  will be truncated to fit the
          available space.  The only exception to this is when the  line
          contains  a "break" character ("|");  then the line is divided
          at the break character to make it fit.  

3 JUSTIFY

 .JUSTIFY 
 .J
   .NO JUSTIFY 
   .NJ 

      controls  whether or not a line is filled out with additional spaces
      so that the last word ends exactly on the right margin.  With justi-
      fication turned off, output lines will have a ragged right margin.  
           DEFAULT:  .JUSTIFY 
4 RULES

                                  RULES

      1.  If  justification is enabled, all "normal" spaces are expanded
          or padded to right justify the final output.  
      2.  If a break occurs between lines, then the previous line is NOT
                                                                     ---
          justified.  
      3.  If  an  input line is shorter than the output line size and it
          contains no "normal" spaces, the  line  cannot  be  justified.
          This is indicated by an error message:  
                               "Can't justify line"
      4.  If .VARIABLE SPACING is enabled, justification will be done by
          adding  micro  spaces,  rather  than  full  spaces.   If   the
          character width is not 1, then justification may not occur un-
          less variable spacing is enabled.  
      5.  If  justification  is  disabled, the output will not be padded
          with extra spaces, but if filling is enabled, redundant spaces
          will be removed.  
      6.  .FILL  normally turns justification off unless preceded by .NO
          JUSTIFY.  
      7.  .NO  FILL always turns off justification.  In order to justify
          but not fill (not recommended), a .JUSTIFY command must follow
          every .NO FILL command.  

3 KEEP
4 LINES

 .KEEP [LINES]
 .K [LINES]
   .NO KEEP [LINES]
   .NK [LINES]

      controls  whether  or  not  blank lines are kept in .NO FILL mode.
      Normally blank lines in the input are ignored.  
           DEFAULT:  .NO KEEP LINES 
           (DSR uses .KEEP/.NO KEEP) 
4 TABS

 .KEEP TABS
 .K TABS
   .NO KEEP TABS
   .NK TABS

      controls  whether  or not tabs at the beginning of a line are kept
      in .FILL mode.  Autoparagraph mode also causes  all  tabs  at  the
      beginning  of an input line to be discarded, so .KEEP TABS may not
      work with .AUTOPARAGRAPH.  
           (Not available in DSR) 
           DEFAULT:  .KEEP TABS 
3 LITERAL

 .LITERAL 
 .LT 
   .END LITERAL 
   .ELI 

      allows  text  to appear literally as typed.  .LITERAL turns off fill
      and all flags to permit printing of text exactly as  it  appears  in
      the  source  file.   In addition, all commands are disabled until an
      .END LITERAL.  When LITERAL is enabled, commands appear in the  out-
      put as if they were normal text.  Tabs are still recognized inside a
      literal.  Blank lines are output instead  of  being  ignored.   This
      command is almost equivalent to the following sequence of commands: 
           .NO FILL .KEEP .NO FLAGS ALL .NO FLAGS CONTROL 

      The  .LITERAL command can be turned off by the .END LITERAL command.
      Tabs are still expanded inside a literal, and if a  special  feature
      has  been  turned  on  it  will  remain  on  for the duration of the
      literal.  For example, if the literal is preceded by "^&" the entire
      literal  text will be underlined.  If you want to use flags inside a
      literal, use the commands .NO FILL .KEEP to simulate the effect of a
      literal.   You  can  turn off individual flags with a .DISABLE FLAGS
      command.  
3 PERIOD

 .PERIOD ["chars"]
 .PR ["chars"]
   .NO PERIOD ["chars"]
   .NPR ["chars"]

      controls  whether  or  not additional spaces are printed after every
      terminal punctuation that is followed by at least one space  or  tab
      character.   .PERIOD  causes two spaces to be printed after terminal
      punctuation.  .NO PERIOD disables conversion of punctuation/space to
      punctuation/two  spaces and specifies characters that will not cause
      2 spaces when .PERIOD is engaged.  If you do not want 2 spaces to be
      inserted  after  a  punctuation mark, you can quote the character or
      use a non expandable space after it.  For example, if  you  want  to
      use  an abbreviation such as "Char.", you can avoid the extra spaces
      by writing it "Char_." or "Char.#".  

      "chars" is a list of characters to be added to the terminal punctua-
      tion list;  the terminal punctuation list will be  changed  only  if
      "chars" are specified.  (This parameter is not available in DSR.) 

      Alternatively,  the  PERIOD  flag  can  be  used to add extra spaces
      without enabling .PERIOD.  
           DEFAULT:  .PERIOD ".:;?!" 
3 SEPARATED_EQUATION

 .SEPARATED EQUATION
 .SEQ
   .END SEPARATED EQUATION
   .ESEQ

      enables  or disables separated equation mode.  If separated equation
      mode is enabled, an equation will automatically generate extra lines
      to  separate  it  properly  from other equations or text.  Separated
      equation mode does not generate a break.  It also cannot be used  in
      a  FOOTNOTE.   This  restriction may be changed in a future release.
      If you format an equation with the SEPARATED EQUATION mode  off  and
      the  equation  occupies  more than the alloted spacing, it may print
      over other text.  
           SEE - .ENABLE EQUATION, .FLAGS EQUATION 
           DEFAULT:  .END SEPARATED EQUATION 
           (Not available in DSR) 
3 UNDERLINE

 .UNDERLINE "chars to underline"
 .UN "chars to underline"
   .NO UNDERLINE "chars to not underline"
   .NUN "chars to not underline"

      specifies   which   characters   are   underlinable.   Normally  all
      characters other than spaces are underlinable.  To enable  underlin-
      ing of spaces, for example, you would use the following command:  
           .UNDERLINE " " 

      If you did not wish to underline common punctuation marks, you would
      use the command:  
           .NO UNDERLINE ".,?!;:" 
      If you don't want to underline either the apostrophe or quotes:  
           .NO  UNDERLINE "'""" ;SEE .ENABLE UNDERLINING and .FLAGS UNDER-
      LINE for more information.  
           (Not available in DSR) 
           DEFAULT:  .NO UNDERLINE " " 
3 VARIABLE_SPACING

 .VARIABLE SPACING
 .VARSP
   .NO VARIABLE SPACING
   .NVARSP

      controls  the  variable  spacing  mode.  If variable spacing mode is
      enabled, microspaces are used to pad out room between words in order
      to  create a justified line.  To use this feature with your printer,
      it must either  be  a  DIABLO  compatible  or  you  must  define  an
      appropriate  escape  sequence  for variable spacing with the .DEFINE
      VARIABLE SPACE command.  If variable size characters  are  used  and
      they  are  to  be  justified, then variable spacing must be enabled.
      Variable spacing should not be confused with  proportional  spacing.
      With  variable  spacing  each  letter is still assumed to occupy the
      same amount of physical space as opposed to a proportionally  spaced
      font.  


                                      NOTE

           When using .VARIABLE SPACING and .UNDERLINE" ", the option
           /UL:L will not work correctly.  Gaps will be left  in  the
           underlining  at each variable spacing point.  In this case
           /UL:B is recommended.  


           (Not available in DSR) 
           DEFAULT:  .NO VARIABLE SPACING 
3 MARGINS
4 LEFT

 .LEFT MARGIN [+-n] 
 .LM [+-n] 

      sets  the  left margin to n, where n must be at least 16 less than
      the right margin but not less than 0.   The  initial  left  margin
      setting  is  0.   If  n  is not specified, the permanent margin is
      restored.  If the margin is specified with a + or - sign, n is ad-
      ded to or subtracted from the current margin.  For example:  
           .LEFT MARGIN +5 
      moves the margin 5 spaces to the right.  
           .LEFT MARGIN -5 
      moves the margin back 5 spaces to the left.  
           .LEFT MARGIN 
      sets  the  margin  to  the  value  last  specifed  in a .PAGE SIZE
      command.  
      Tab stops are relative to the margin at 0.  In other words, if you
      set .LEFT MARGIN 10 .TAB STOPS 10,15,20,25, then the tab  stop  at
      10 will be ineffective because it is already at the left margin.  
4 RIGHT

 .RIGHT MARGIN [+-n] 
 .RM [+-n] 

      sets  the  right  margin to n, where n must be 16 greater than the
      left margin.  The initial right margin setting is 60.  If n is not
      supplied,  the current page width (set with the PAGE SIZE command)
      is used.  If the margin is specified with a + or - sign, n is  ad-
      ded to or subtracted from the current margin.  
4 TOP

 .TOP MARGIN [+-n] 
 .TM [+-n] 

      sets  the  top margin (the number of blank lines at the top of the
      page) to n.  The top margin must be less than the total number  of
      lines  on  the  page.  The default value is 0.  If n is not speci-
      fied, the top margin is reset to the default or  permanent  value.
      See the .PAGE SIZE command for more information.  If the margin is
      specified with a + or - sign, n is added to or subtracted from the
      current margin.  
           (Not available in DSR) 
4 PAGE

 .PAPER SIZE [+-h],[+-w],[+-l],[+-t],[s]
 .PAGE SIZE [+-h],[+-w],[+-l],[+-t],[s]
 .PS [+-h],[+-w],[+-l],[+-t],[s]

      sets  the  size  of the page to h lines high by w characters wide.
      Also, the LEFT MARGIN is set to l, the TOP MARGIN  to  t  and  the
      spacing to s.  These settings are permanent since they are now the
      new default for the duration of the document.   If  a  .PAGE  SIZE
      command  is given in the middle of a page, the page length (h) and
      top margin (l) will not change for  the  current  page,  but  will
      change for the next page only.  The left/right margins and spacing
      (l,w,s) will change for the current page.  

      Every  .CHAPTER  or .APPENDIX command will reinstate the permanent
      settings.  Other margin commands  without  any  margins  specified
      will  also reset the requested margin to the permanent value.  All
      values can be set to the permanent values  by  issuing  the  .PAGE
      SIZE  command  without  any  parameters.  The permanent values are
      used to determine the margins of the heading on each page.   Older
      versions of RUNOFF used only the temporary right margin to set the
      header margins.  If the margins are set so that  there  are  fewer
      than  16  lines  on  a  page or fewer than 16 spaces per line, the
      .PAGE SIZE command will be rejected with an error  message.   This
      restriction also applies to the margin commands.  The maximum h is
      127.  
           DEFAULT:  .PAGE SIZE 58,60,0,0,1.  
           (DSR doesn't support permanent margins or parameters l,t,s) 
4 NOTE


                                  NOTE

      If  you  wish this command or any other margin command to set
      the margins for the  entire  document,  including  the  first
      page,  you  must  put  the command before any text and before
      .BLANK, .SKIP, .FIGURE, .CHAPTER, or any other  command  that
      generates text.  


3 SPACING

 .SPACING [lines] 
 .SP [lines] 

      sets  the  number of spaces between lines.  Spacing can range from 1
      to 5 lines.  If n is omitted, the permanent spacing (normally 1)  is
      restored.   The  permanent spacing is set by the .PAGE SIZE command.
      This command influences .PARAGRAPH, .SET PARAGRAPH, .TEST TEXT,  and
      .SKIP  It has no effect on .TEST PAGE, .FIGURE, or .BLANK.  .SPACING
      1 is like single spacing on a typewriter, and  .SPACING  2  is  like
      double spacing.  

      .CHAPTER  or  .APPENDIX  resets  the spacing to the permanent value.
      .PAGE SIZE also restores the permanent value if the spacing  parame-
      ter is not specified.  
           DEFAULT:  .SPACING 1 
4 HALF

 .HALF SPACING [half lines]
 .NO HALF SPACING

      is  similar  to  the  spacing command except that it turns on half
      spacing.  "half lines" is the number of half  lines  per  line  of
      text.   text.   Once  half  spacing is enabled, every command that
      specifies spacing will work in increments of half lines.  If "half
      lines" is omitted, the current spacing will remain unchanged.  The
      .HALF SPACING command does not change  any  spacing  unless  n  is
                            ---- ---
      specified  or  unless  one  of  the commands listed above is used.
      Commands that are affected by half spacing are:  
           .BLANK             .FIGURE             .FIGURE DEFERRED
           .PAGE SIZE         .TOP MARGIN         .SPACING
                              .HEADER SPACING     .LAYOUT
                              .STYLE LEVELS       .STYLE CHAPTER      

      .HALF SPACING 2 - Produces single spacing
      .HALF SPACING 3 - Produces 1&1/2 spacing
      .HALF SPACING 4 - Produces double spacing

      After  .NO  HALF SPACING, all commands that specify a spacing will
      work in increments of 1 space only.  Previously specified  spacing
      will,  however,  remain the same.  This means that if you have set
      the spacing to 3 half lines and you wish it to be single  spacing,
      you must subsequently issue .SPACING 1.  


                                     NOTE

           .HALF  SPACING  will  only  work properly if the printer
           supports subscripting.  You may have to use the  .DEFINE
           SUBSCRIPT command.  


           (Not available in DSR) 
           DEFAULT:  .NO HALF SPACING 
3 LOCK

 .LOCK 

      locks  a  number of page formatting parameters.  While locked, these
      parameters cannot be changed.  All commands  that  change  the  page
      format  are locked.  The following commands will give error messages
      if issued after a .LOCK command:  

      .ENABLE NUMBERING       .DISABLE NUMBERING
      .ENABLE NUMBERING CHAPTER
      .DISABLE NUMBERING CHAPTER                  .HEADERS UPPER
          .HEADERS LOWER      .HEADERS MIXED      .HEADERS PAGE
          .HEADERS NO PAGE    .HEADERS SPACING    .NO HEADERS
          .HEADERS            .INDENT LEVELS      .PAGE SIZE
          .TOP MARGIN         .STYLE (all commands)
      .STANDARD               .NO NUMBER          .NO NUMBER CHAPTER
      .NO TITLE               .LAYOUT             .DISPLAY (all commands)
          

      In  addition,  .NUMBER CHAPTER will not reinstate chapter numbering,
      and .NUMBER PAGE will not reinstate  page  numbering.   If  you  are
      careful  to  put  all page formatting commands into a separate file,
      this command will probably not be necessary.  If, however, you  have
      been  foolish  enough  to sprinkle them throughout your text, or you
      need to merge several documents into a single  coherent  tome,  this
      command can be a valuable short cut.  

      This  command is intended to facilitate merging several files into 1
      document.  First set up all the parameters mentioned above and  then
      lock  them.   If you still have page formatting commands in the rest
      of the document, they will not be obeyed.  Thus, you can  produce  a
      uniform document with the same formatting throughout.  
           (Not available in DSR) 
3 TABS
 Lists  of  items  can be conveniently expressed in tabular form using the
 tab key and the .TAB STOPS command.  Every time you press the  "tab"  key
 you  have  entered  a  tab into the text.  Just as on a typewriter, a tab
 will make the text begin at the next tab stop.  The tab stops are set us-
 ing  the  .TAB  STOPS  command.   Items  can be right justified or center
 justified if a right stop is specified.  When tabbing,  it  is  suggested
 that  you use the .NO JUSTIFY command or the .NO FILL command.  If justi-
 fication is on, you will  either  get  error  messages  or  unpredictable
 results.   Tab  stops  to  the left of the left margin are not effective.
 You should also .DISABLE HYPHENATION when using the tabs.  
      See also:  ENABLE TABS, KEEP TABS, FLAGS TAB 
4 STOPS

 .TAB STOPS ["ell"][+n1],["ell"][+n2], .  .  .
 .TS ["ell"][+n1],["ell"][+n2], .  .  .

      clears all previous tabs, and sets new ones.  Each n specifies the
      column number for a tab stop.  That is, n2 must be bigger than n1,
      and  so  on.  If a tab stop is +n, then it will be n more than the
      previous one.  If the first stop is +n, then it  will  be  n  more
      than the left margin.  If n is prefaced by either R, C, or L, then
      the text is right, center, or left justified.  If  the  number  is
      preceded by a literal, then the text inside the literal is used as
      an ellipse to fill in the space generated by the tab.  The maximum
      literal size is 15 characters.  
           DEFAULT:  .TAB STOPS 8,16,24,32,40,48,56,64,. . .  
           (+- tab stops are defined differently in DSR) 
           (The R,L parameters, and ellipses are not available in DSR) 
5 EXAMPLE

                               Example:
      .TAB STOPS +5,+10,+10,+10,+10 
 sets  up a series of stops every 10 columns with the first one 5 from
 the left margin.  
      .TAB STOPS 10,20,30,40,50 
 also  sets  up a series of stops every 10 columns, but the first stop
 is at column 10.  The first tab is 10 from the left  margin  only  if
 the left margin is at zero.  
      .TAB STOPS ".  " L20,C25,R40 
 sets  up  the  first  column to be filled with ellipses with the text
 left justified on column 20, center justified on column 25, and right
 justified on column 40.  
4 PROPORTIONAL

 .TAB PROPORTIONAL n,["ell"][+-n1],["ell"][+-n2],,,
 .TABP n,["ell"][+-n1],["ell"][+-n2],,,

      sets the tab stops to create n columns across the page between the
      left and right margins.  The  first  column  begins  at  the  left
      margin  and  ends at the first tab stop.  The second column begins
      at the first tab stop and ends at the second one.  The last column
      ends  at  the right margin.  n must be 2 or larger.  Tab stops are
      set so that all unspecified columns have equal width.  The  column
      1  position  is  specified by n1, column 2 by n2, and so on.  When
      you omit a column, it is unspecified.  If you specify a column  as
      either  +  or -n, then it is n larger or smaller than the unspeci-
      fied ones.  Using + or -, you can increase or decrease each column
      width  from  an  evenly  spaced one.  A column width cannot exceed
      127.  The actual number of tab stops set up is n-1.  For  example,
      if  you  want  3  columns,  only  2 tab stops are set up.  You can
      specify ellipses, and right or left justification as in  the  .TAB
      STOPS command.  
           (Not available in DSR) 
5 EXAMPLE

 For  example,  if  you wish to set up 7 columns with 10 spaces in the
 second column, and 5 spaces in the 6'th column, then specify 
      .TAB PROPORTIONAL 7,,10,,,,5 
 If you wish to set up 7 columns with the first and last only 5 spaces
 wide to allow for indented columns, then specify 
      .TAB PROPORTIONAL 7,5,,,,,,5 
 This last example is a typical setup for a table.  If you set up your
 table and then, after looking at the result, you decide  to  increase
 column 2 by 2 spaces and decrease column 4 by 1 space, then specify 
      .TAB PROPORTIONAL 7,5,+2,,-1,,,5 

 When  the .TAB PROPORTIONAL command is used, all previously specified
 tab stops are cleared.  .TAB PROPORTIONAL is easier to use than  .TAB
 STOPS for evenly proportioning columns.  
4 LEFT

 .TAB LEFT
 .TL

      sets  unspecified  tabs  to  left  justification.   If  you do not
      specify either .TAB LEFT or RIGHT, then .TAB LEFT is assumed.  
           (Not available in DSR) 

      For example, 

      .NO FILL .TAB STOPS +10,+10,+10,+10 .TAB LEFT
      12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
      NAME    Jan     Feb     Mar     April
      Jones   152.75  0.00    3.78    1000.50
      Smith   4.95    300.22  5.75    54.95

      will produce the following text:  

      12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
      NAME      Jan       Feb       Mar       April
      Jones     152.75    0.00      3.78      1000.50
      Smith     4.95      300.22    5.75      54.95
4 RIGHT

 .TAB RIGHT
 .TR

      causes   the  text  following  an  unspecified  tab  to  be  right
      justified.   The  text  is  right  justified  at  the   next   tab
      terminator.   The  text is considered to be terminated by either a
      space, tab, end of line, break character, or autobreak  character.
      If  the  break  character  is used to define the right side of the
      text, a .FLAGS BREAK command must be issued.  This  allows  tables
      to be typed with the text right justified, or lined up with an ar-
      bitrary point (defined by the break).  
           (Not available in DSR) 
4 EXA

                                EXAMPLES
                                --------

 Entering the text 

 .NO FILL .TAB STOPS +20,+10,+10,+10 .TAB RIGHT
 12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
 NAME    Jan     Feb     Mar     April
 Jones   152.75  0.00    3.78    1000.50
 Smith   4.95    300.22  5.75    54.95

 produces the following output:  

 12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
 NAME             Jan       Feb       Mar     April
 Jones         152.75      0.00      3.78   1000.50
 Smith           4.95    300.22      5.75     54.95

 Listing a column of figures right justified:  

 .NO FILL .TAB STOPS R+20,R+10,R+10,R+10
 12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
 NAME    Jan     Feb     Mar     April
 Jones   152.75  0.00    3.78    1000.50
 Smith   4.95    300.22  5.75    54.95

 produces the output 

 12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
 NAME             Jan       Feb       Mar     April
 Jones         152.75      0.00      3.78   1000.50
 Smith           4.95    300.22      5.75     54.95

4 EXB
 Columns  of  figures  lined up along the decimal points using the break
 flag:  

 .NO FILL .FLAGS BREAK .TAB STOPS R+10,R+10,R+10,R+10
 12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
         1|.23   3|.1415 75|.2
         789|.0  55|.2   100|.98765

 produces the output 

 12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
          1.23      3.1415   75.2
        789.0      55.2     100.98765

4 EXC
 Here is another way of lining up decimal points using autobreak:  

 .NO FILL .FLAGS BREAK 
 .TAB STOPS R+10,R+10,R+10,R+10 .AUTOBREAK "."
 12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
         1.23    3.1415  75.2
         789.0   55.2    100.98765

 produces the output 

 12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
         1.23      3.1415   75.2
       789.0      55.2     100.98765

4 EXD
 Centered justification:  

 .tabp 5,C7,C,C,C,C7 .tr .nf
 123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
         Mary    Prunella        Eve     Sue
         Theresa Sadie   Helen   Agripinella

 produces

 123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
     Mary             Prunella              Eve                Sue
    Theresa             Sadie              Helen           Agripinella
4 EXE

                              Laundry lists

 If you want To set up a series of tab stops for a list of items, and if
 no item needs to go in any  particular  column,  you  can  produce  the
 desired  effect by setting .FILL .NO JUSTIFY.  Each item should be pre-
 ceded by a tab.  If you wish the left hand column to line up  with  the
 left  margin  use .NO KEEP TABS.  Otherwise, the first column will line
 up on the first tab stop.  
4 DISABLED

                                  Note

 Tab stops are disabled and converted to single spaces when:  
      1.  After .RIGHT 
      2.  After .CENTER 
      3.  During equations 
      4.  Inside titles/subtitles 
3 ELLIPSES

 .ELLIPSES
 .ELL
   .NO ELLIPSES
   .NELL

      causes  tabbed  text  to be filled with ellipses rather than spaces.
      This command only changes tab stops that do not have ellipses  asso-
      ciated  with  them.   In other words, if you tab and this feature is
      enabled, the text will be padded  with  ellipses  ( . . . .)  rather
      than spaces between tab stops.  
           DEFAULT:  .NO ELLIPSES 
           (Not available in DSR) 
4 EXAMPLE

 For example, if you type 

 .NO FILL .TAB STOPS " "R+15,R+13,R+13,R+13
 12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
 NAME Jan     Feb     Mar
 .ELLIPSES
 Jones     152.75    0.00    3.78
 .NO ELLIPSES
 Smith       4.95  300.22    5.75
 .ELLIPSES
 Brown       0.00 1056.19   25.49

 the following text will be produced:  

 12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
 NAME        Jan          Feb          Mar
 Jones    152.75  . . .  0.00 . . . . 3.78
 Smith      4.95       300.22         5.75
 Brown      0.00  . . 1056.19 . . .  25.49
3 COMMENT

 .COMMENT text
 .;  text
 .!  text

      causes  the  line  to  be  ignored.   The text is not printed in the
      output.  Comments may contain useful information that you need  when
      re-editing the file.  For example, you might wish to add comments to
      a string of .DEFINE ESCAPE and .DEFINE SUBSTITUTE to remind you what
      each escape sequence and substitution does.  
3 NO_SPACE

 .NO SPACE
 .NSP

      joins  2  filled  lines  without  the normal space between them.  If
      .FILL is engaged and you issue .NO SPACE after a line, a space  will
      not  be automatically generated in the output .DOC file.  The end of
      a line may still cause a break.  This condition could be  forced  by
      ending the previous line with a break flag.  For example, 
           Dis 
           .NO SPACE;combobulate 
      Will be printed as:  
           Discombobulate 
3 REQUIRE

 .REQUIRE 'filespec'
 .REQ 'filespec'

      allows  input  text to be taken from the specified file.  A .REQUIRE
      command can be imbedded in files that have been required.   Required
      files  can be nested in this fashion to a depth of 5 input files are
      open at once.  An attempt to require a sixth  level  of  input  will
      cause  an  error.  The default filetype for a required file is .RNO.
      The filename can be enclosed in either  single  (')  or  double  (")
      quotes.   If  any  commands follow the .REQUIRE command on the same,
      they will be ignored.  
           DEFAULT:  file type=.RNO 
           (DSR allows 10 levels of nesting) 
4 EXA

 The  .REQUIRE  command  allows  a  document to be easily broken up into
 reasonable chunks.  For example, each section of a  document  could  be
 put  in a separate file and a master file that requires each section in
 order could be used to create the complete document.  If the  order  of
 the  sections  needed  to  be  rearranged,  all that must be done is to
 change the order  of  the  .REQUIRE  statements  in  the  master  file.
 Overall  formatting  commands such as .PAGE SIZE, .DISPLAY, .HEADER ...
 could also be put into a separate that could be required at the  begin-
 ning of each section.  

 Commonly  used  substitutions and escape sequences can be put in a file
 that is required at the beginning of any file that needs them.  
4 EXB

 The  .REQUIRE  statement  can  be  used to simplify the generation of a
 series of letters with the same body but different inside addresses and
 salutations.  Make a master file that contains the inside addresses and
 salutations and put the line 
      .REQUIRE "LETTER" 
 after  each  salutation.  Create a file LETTER.RNO with the actual text
 of the letter.  Running the master file through RUNOFF will  then  pro-
 duce  a  string of personalized letters.  Later you can change the con-
 tents of LETTER.RNO to get another set of personalized letters for mass
 mailings.  
4 EXC

 The  .REQUIRE  statement can be used to get input from a terminal.  For
 example, 
      .REQUIRE "TI:" 
 can  be  combined  with  the .TYPE command to prompt the user for input
 that RUNOFF will accept from the terminal.   The  input  must  be  ter-
 minated by CTRL-Z.  
4 BINARY

 .REQUIRE BINARY [spacing] 'file-specification'
 .REQ BIN 'file-spec'

      transfers  input from the specified file directly to the .DOC out-
      put file with no interpretation.  Before the transfer, a break  is
      performed  and a test page is executed with the specified spacing.
      The .REQUIRE BINARY is useful for  inserting  diagrams  and  other
      graphical  input  into  the text file.  "Spacing" tells RUNOFF how
      much space to allow for the binary input file.  .REQUIRE BINARY is
      illegal  during  a  note,  footnote,  or text section.  It is your
      responsibility to make sure enough space is available on the  cur-
      rent  page  for  the output by specifying the correct spacing.  If
      the input file contains more than a fraction of a  page,  you  may
      need to increment the current page number with .NUMBER PAGE +n.  
3 SAVE
 These  commands save and restore the current status of various variables.
 The status is restored automatically under certain conditions, or can  be
 restored on demand with the RESTORE command.  There are some similar com-
 mands in DSR, but they currently do not do the same thing.  
4 LIST

              List of commands saved as part of the status:
              ---- -- -------- ----- -- ---- -- --- -------

 .AUTOBREAK        .AUTOHYPHENATE    .AUTOPARAGRAPH    .LOWERCASE
 .FILL             .JUSTIFY          .PERIOD           .UPPERCASE 
 .ENABLE/DISABLE 
                       BAR              CONTINUE        ESCAPE
                       EQUATION         FLAGS           HYPHENATION 
                       INDEXING         OVERSTRIKING    SUBSTITUTION
                       TABS             UNDERLINING 

 The  options  specified  in the .PERIOD and .AUTOHYPHENATE commands are
 not saved or restored.  
4 APPENDIX

 .SAVE APPENDIX

      saves the status.  Restored automatically by an .APPENDIX command. 
4 CHAPTER

 .SAVE CHAPTER

      saves the status.  Restored automatically by a .CHAPTER command.  
4 HEADERS

 .SAVE HEADERS

      saves  the  status.  Restored automatically whenever a page header
      or page number are printed.  Normally the page header is  produced
      using  the  status  at  the last .TITLE, .SUBTITLE, or any command
      that automatically generates titles and subtitles.  This is useful
      for  preventing  or  allowing features as underlining to appear in
      the page header.  In particular, the .FILL mode is saved, and  ap-
      plies to the title, subtitle, and page number.  
4 LEVELS

 .SAVE LEVELS

      saves  the  status.   Restored  automatically  by  a .HEADER LEVEL
      command.  The status is only restored if the header  level  number
      is printed.  Non-numbered levels do not restore status.  For exam-
      ple, you can restore .FILL, .JUSTIFY etc for each section  of  the
      document.  
4 STATUS

 .SAVE STATUS

      saves  the  status.  Restored automatically by the .RESTORE STATUS
      command.  

 .RESTORE STATUS

      immediately  restores  the  status  saved  by the last SAVE STATUS
      command.  
3 SETUP

 .SETUP escape sequences

      sends  the  specified escape sequence to the output file without in-
      terpretation before any other text.  The escape sequence can consist
      of  numbers  and  literals.   This command is designed to set up the
      printer, and must precede all text.   For  examples  of  escape  se-
      quences see .DEFINE ESCAPE.  
           (Not available in DSR) 
3 TRACE

 .TRACE

      generates  an  error message to aid in debugging your .RNO file.  An
      output error message informs you whenever a footnote, note, or  text
      section  is being formatted, if fill, justify, or lock modes are on.
      The current flags characters (except for special flags) are  listed.
      In  addition, the current margins and spacing are printed.  The page
      size and spacing are specified in half lines.  
           (Not available in DSR) 
3 TYPE

 .TYPE text

      causes  the  "text" to be typed on your terminal.  The text must not
      be longer than 72 characters.  This command is useful in tracing the
      progress  of  RUNOFF, for issuing a prompt before .REQUIRE "TI:" for
      user input.  
           (Not available in DSR) 
3 DEFINE
 Not available in DSR.  
4 COMMAND

 .DEFINE COMMAND /label/command string

      allows  the user to define new commands.  The label consists of up
      to 40 letters.  Imbedded spaces inside the label  are  treated  as
      optional  syntax  elements.   The  actual command can have single,
      multiple or no spaces.  The command string must be a legal set  of
      commands to be substituted for the label.  If a command is defined
      the same label as a normal command, the  normal  command  will  be
      used  and the defined one ignored.  .ENDIF will be ignored if used
      in a defined command.  .DEFINE COMMAND must be the last command on
      the  line.  All text following this command is treated as the com-
      mand definition.  When the defined command is encountered by  RUN-
      OFF,  the  command string is substituted.  Defined commands can be
      nested to 3 levels.  To prevent conflict with future commands  all
      user  commands should begin with the letter Q.  .DEFINE COMMAND is
      invaluable for defining commands that exist in other  versions  of
      RUNOFF, but are not available in this version.  
5 PARAMETERS

 Parameters  to be substituted into the command should be marked by %.
 Text parameters following titles, subtitles,  and  so  on  cannot  be
 substituted;   they  must  be  included  in the previous command.  In
 other words, parameters can be nested.  
5 EXAMPLE

                                EXAMPLE
 .QHEADER A  could be defined to skip a line, indent both margins by 5
 spaces, and output a centered line of text:  
      .DEFINE COMMAND /QHEADER A/.s.lm+5.rm-5.c;  
 Acceptable  variants  of  the  command are .QHEADERA, .QHEADER A, and
 .QHEADER  A 

 The  first  command  after  the  label,  s, need not be preceded by a
 decimal point, as a decimal is already  implied.   For  example,  the
 previous command could be defined as:  

      .DEFINE COMMAND /QHEADER A/s.lm+5.rm-5.c;  

 An example of parameter substitution is:  
      .DEFINE COMMAND /Q/.s %.i % 
 The command .Q 5,8 would then skip 5 lines and indent 8.  
4 ESCAPE

 .DEFINE ESCAPE "escape label" [,modifiers] definition

                                   Modifiers
      LCK - specifies that escape sequence is a lock/unlock pair.  
      VSP,spacing  -  indicates that the escape sequence will change the
           vertical position by the specified spacing.  
      HSP,spacing  -  indicates that the escape sequence will change the
           horizontal position by the specified spacing.  
      PSP  -  indicates  that the horizontal spacing specified by HSP is
           applied to all  printable  characters  following  the  escape
           sequence.  
      CHR - indicates that the lock/unlock pair is used to change only 1
           printable character.  
4 ITEM

 .DEFINE ITEM /name/ [format],[n]

      defines a numbered item that can be included in your text.  "name"
      is a substitution label for the item, and "format" is  the  format
      used  to  display the item;  see .DISPLAY PAGE.  The initial value
      for the item, n, must be specified in the range 0 to 8,388,607  or
      as  a  series of letters from A to RIFZW.  If letters are used for
      n, then the format must not be omitted.  When an item is  defined,
      it  is  included  in  the  SUBSTITUTE table.  The value can be in-
      cremented or changed by .NUMBER ITEM.  For example, the  following
      commands will define, increment and display a number:  
           .DEFINE ITEM /FIG$/ 
           .NUMBER ITEM /FIG$/ +1 
           $FIG$ 

           DEFAULT:  .DEFINE ITEM /item/ D 1 
4 NUMBER

 .DEFINE NUMBER parameter /label/

      defines  a  numeric  substitution.   The parameter determines what
      number is used in the substitution.  Normally the number  must  be
      defined before you use the label.  You can reference the label be-
      fore the .DEFINE NUMBER statement  if  you  use  the  /2P  option.
      Parameters are:  
                Param.              Number substituted
                APPENDIX            Current Appendix or chapter
                CHAPTER             Current Chapter or appendix
                LIST                Current List element
                LEVEL               Current Header level
                PAGE                Current Page-subpage number
                ITEM /name/         Item named
5 RESTRICTIONS

 The LEVEL cannot be defined inside a footnote or text section.  You
 should be careful mixing these commands with .TEXT  DEFERRED.   The
 text  deferred  command  can  cause  the  output  text to appear on
 another page, or in another section  of  your  text.   If  you  use
 .DEFINE NUMBER PAGE, it will only work properly in 2 pass mode.  In
 particular, definitions inside text deferred  will  only  give  the
 correct  page  number  after  the text has been output.  The actual
 page number may be off by 1 page even in 2 pass mode if the defini-
 tion  appears  after  the  symbol is used.  For this to always work
 correctly, an infinite pass mode would be necessary.  As a  practi-
 cal matter, you can help RUNOFF by defining the label to be approx-
 imately the same length as the anticipated number.  .DEFINE  NUMBER
 LEVEL should not follow .NUMBER LEVEL or precede .HEADER LEVEL.  If
 it does, it may not give the correct level number.  
5 EXAMPLES

                                EXAMPLE
 If  you  want  to  refer to a section in your document with the label
 SECA$, then in that section place the command:  
      .DEFINE NUMBER LEVEL 'SECA$' 
 Later in your document you can refer to the section with 
      See section $SECA$ . . . 

 The following command will print the current chapter number:  
      .DEFINE NUMBER CHAPTER /CHAPA$/ ;  $CHAPA$ 

 To define a label with the same number as an item:  
      .DEFINE NUMBER ITEM /item/ /label/ 
 For further examples, see test files:  ITEM.TST and DEFNUM.TST 
4 SUBSTITUTE

 .DEFINE SUBSTITUTE /label/ text

      defines  a  substitution  to be made in the text.  The label is preceded
      and followed by a delimiter of your choice.  The label must be  no  more
      than  40  characters  long,  and should not contain spaces or tabs.  The
      command and the first delimiter must be separated by one or more  spaces
      or  tabs,  but no spaces are necessary after the second delimiter unless
      you wish to include them in the text.  When a substitute  flag  is  fol-
      lowed by a defined label, the specified text will be substituted for the
      flag+label.  The text can contain another substitution.  Up to 3  levels
      of  substitution  can  be nested.  The rules for multiple definitions of
      escape sequences also apply to substitutions.  .DEFINE  SUBSTITUTE  must
      be  the  last  command  on the line.  All text following this command is
      treated as the substitution definition.  
5 EXAMPLE

 EXAMPLE:  If you wish to abbreviate the phrase 
      The party of the first part 

 define and enable substitution with 
      .DEFINE SUBSTITUTE /P1$/The party of the first part 
      .FLAGS SUBSTITUTE 

 Then  every  time  you  type $P1$ you will get instead the substitute
 phrase 
      The party of the first part 
5 DELIMITERS

 This   example   of  define  substitute  could  have  used  different
 delimiters if you needed to used the delimiters in the text.  For ex-
 ample, it could be done as follows:  
      .DEFINE SUBSTITUTE :P1$:The party of the first part 
                ...  or 
      .DEFINE SUBSTITUTE "P1$"The party of the first part 

5 LABELS
 The   substitution  label  or  name  can  consist  of  any  printable
 character.  Upper case or lowercase letters can be used, but the case
 of  the  letter  will  be ignored except for the first character.  In
 other words, the following commands are equivalent:  
      .DEFINE SUBSTITUTE /ABC/ 
      .DEFINE SUBSTITUTE /Abc/ 
      .DEFINE SUBSTITUTE /AbC/ 
 But the following are not equivalent:  
      .DEFINE SUBSTITUTE /aBC/ 
      .DEFINE SUBSTITUTE /ABC/ 
5 DSR_CONVENTIONS

 A  special convention is used to define DSR compatible substitutions.
 If the first character of the substitution name is a dollar sign, the
 dollar  sign  stands for the substitute flag.  If the substitute flag
 is changed to a character other than the dollar sign,  then  the  de-
 fined  substitution  is  considered  to begin with the new substitute
 flag.  When the substitution is searched for, the case of  the  input
 characters  is  ignored.   An  example  of such a substitution is the
 $$DATE permanently defined substitution.  

       For example, the following input:
            .FLAGS SUBSTITUTE @
            .DEFINE SUBSTITUTE /$TEST/This is a test
           @@test !!
       will produce the following line:
            This is a test !!
4 SUBSCRIPT

 .DEFINE SUBSCRIPT [parameters]

      allows  the  user  to  define the subscript escape sequence, which is an
      escape sequence that moves the text down 1/2 space on the page.  The se-
      quence  must  not  exceed  a  maximum  of 40 numbers or characters.  The
      parameters can be either numbers or literals.  The default is:  
           .DEFINE SUBSCRIPT 27,"U" 
      The subscript sequence be properly defined for equations of half spacing
      to work.  For an LA-50 the sequence would be:  
           .DEFINE SUBSCRIPT 27,"K" 
4 SUPERSCRIPT

 .DEFINE SUPERSCRIPT [parameters]

      allows  the user to define the superscript escape sequences, which
      is an escape sequence that moves the text down 1/2  space  on  the
      page.   The  sequence  must  not exceed a maximum of 40 numbers or
      characters.  The parameters can be  either  numbers  or  literals.
      The default is:  
           .DEFINE SUPERSCRIPT 27,"D" 
      This  must  be  properly  defined for equations of half spacing to
      work.  For an LA-50 it would be:  
           .DEFINE SUPERSCRIPT 27,"L" 
4 VARIABLE_SPACE

 .DEFINE VARIABLE SPACE n,[parameters]

      defines  a  micro  space  value,  n,  in microspaces/unit, for im-
      plementing variable spacing between words.  Normally 1 unit  is  1
      space.   The parameters define the escape sequence that produces a
      microspace.  The escape sequence can have  up  to  20  numbers  or
      characters.  The default is:  
           .DEFINE VARIABLE SPACE 6,27,31,3," ",27,31,13 
      This  defines 6 microspaces/space for a DIABLO style printer at 10
      pitch.  
           .DEFINE VARIABLE SPACE 5,27,31,3," ",27,31,11 
      Defines  12  pitch  Diablo.   This available as an option in RNPRE
      when you build RUNOFF.  To do the same for an LA-50  in  10  pitch
      with 180 dots/inch graphics:  
           .DEFINE VARIABLE SPACE 6,27,"Pq",62,62,62,27,"" 
      For  proportional  fonts, the micro space definition will probably
      be equal to the minimum movement of the carriage, and  n=1.   This
      must be properly defined for justification of proportional fonts. 
3 DELETE

 (Not available in DSR) 
4 COMMAND

 .DELETE COMMAND /label/

      deletes  an  already  defined  command.   Only commands defined by
      .DEFINE COMMAND can be removed.  Neither this command nor  .DELETE
      SUBSTITUTE reclaim the space in the substitution tables, so exten-
      sive useage of  defines  and  deletes  can  cause  the  tables  to
      overflow.  .DELETE COMMAND is illegal in 2 pass mode.  
4 SUBSTITUTE

 .DELETE SUBSTITUTE /label/

      deletes an already defined substitution.  Only commands defined by
      .DEFINE SUBSTITUTE can be removed.  This command is illegal  in  2
      pass mode.  
3 RESET

 (Not available in DSR) 
4 ESCAPE

 .RESET ESCAPE

      resets all escape sequences.  The internal table of all escape se-
      quences is cleared so that you can enter new ones with the .DEFINE
      ESCAPE command.  After giving this command no escape sequences are
      any longer defined.  If you need to reset escape  sequences,  this
      should be done only once at the beginning of your input file.  
4 SUBSTITUTE

 .RESET SUBSTITUTE

      resets  the  table of substitutions so that all the previously de-
      fined substitutions and commands are  no  longer  available.   The
      permanently defined substitutions ($$DATE...) and defined commands
      are also no longer defined.  To remove a single entry, use .DELETE
      SUBSTITUTE  or .DELETE COMMAND.  This command can be dangerous, so
      use with caution.  It should done only once at  the  beginning  of
      your input file.  This command is illegal in 2 pass mode.  
3 DISPLAY
 The display commands control how numbers such as the page number, chapter
 number, and so on, are displayed.  Numbers can  be  displayed  as  normal
 (decimal)  numbers,  letters, or Roman numerals.  Extra text can be added
 to the numbers as pre- or post-fixes.  Pre- and post-fixes can be used to
 automatically  control  the  format of various headers.  For example, you
 can automatically  underline  headers,  or  print  them  in  boldface  on
 printers  that  support bolding.  The display commands, like the DSR com-
 mands, produce a break.  
4 FORMAT


                            Table of Formats

 The format code produces numbers in the specified format:

         Format        Description 
         ------        -----------

         D          Decimal numbers
                              (1,2,3,....)
         LU      Letters uppercase
                              (A,B,C,....,Z,AA,AB,AC....)
         LL      Letters lowercase
                              (a,b,c,....,z,aa,ab,ac....)
         LM      Letters mixed (first is uppercase) 
                              (A,B,C,....,Z,Aa,Ab,...)
         RU      Roman numerals uppercase 
                              (I,II,III,IV,....)
         RL      Roman lowercase 
                              (i,ii,iii,iv,....)
         RM      Roman mixed 
                              (I,Ii,Iii,Iv,....)
4 PRE-FIX

                              Pre/Post-fix

 The  pre-  or post-fix specifies text to be printed before or after the
 number.  The value is specified as a literal of up  to  40  characters.
 Any  flag  characters  included in the pre- or post-fix text are inter-
 preted at the time the page is printed.  The autoindex flag is  ignored
 in  the  pre-fix  and  tabs  are  converted  to spaces.  All spaces are
 treated as non-expandable.  The pre-fix  size  can  be  extended  by  a
 substitution.   When this is done, the number of levels of substitution
 is reduced, since the pre/post-fix  is  essentially  another  level  of
 substitution.   The  pre- or post-fixes can be enclosed in either apos-
 trophes (') or  quotes  (").   See  the  rules  applicable  to  literal
 parameters.  
      DSR doesn't support the "pre-fix" or "post-fix" parameters.  
4 APPENDIX

 .DISPLAY APPENDIX ["pre-fix",] [format] [,"post-fix"]
 .DAX ["pre-fix",] [format] [,"post-fix"]

      controls  the  format  of the appendix number.  The pre/post-fixes
      apply only to the first page of the appendix, but the format  sets
      the  style  of the appendix number, page number, index, and header
      levels.  The page number and index are  only  changed  if  chapter
      numbering is used.  

           DEFAULT:  .DISPLAY APPENDIX "APPENDIX " , LU , "" 
4 CHAPTER

 .DISPLAY CHAPTER ["pre-fix",] [format] [,"post-fix"]
 .DCH ["pre-fix",] [format] [,"post-fix"]

      controls  the  printed  format  of  the  chapter  numbers when the
      .CHAPTER command is used.  The command determines what is  printed
      before  and  after  the  chapter  number on the title page of each
      chapter.  

           DEFAULT:  .DISPLAY CHAPTER "CHAPTER " , D , "" 

      For  example,  if  you  want  sections  to  be numbered with Roman
      numerals rather than chapters, include the following in your  .RNO
      file:  
           .DISPLAY 'Section (' , RU , ')' 
      When  you  issue  the .CHAPTER command for the 6'th time, you will
      get the following chapter header:  
           Section (VI) 
4 ELEMENTS

 .DISPLAY ELEMENTS ["pre-fix",] [format] [,"post-fix"] 
 .DLE ["prefix",] [format] [,"post-fix"] 

      sets  the format of the current LIST element.  "l" and "r" are the
      left and right characters to put  around  the  list  number.   See
      .LIST,  .LIST  ELEMENT,  .END  LIST  for  explanations of the list
      elements.  Once you have specified the display characteristics for
      a  given list, the same characteristics will remain specified when
      additional .LIST or .END LIST commands are encountered.   The  op-
      tional  characters can be delimited by either quotes ["] or a pair
      of apostrophes ['].  
           DEFAULT:  .DISPLAY ELEMENTS "" , D , "." 
      If  you  wish  to set up lists at the beginning of the document to
      normal outline form, issue the following commands:  
           .LIST 0 .LIST 0 .DISPLAY ELEMENTS LU 
           .LIST 0 .DISPLAY ELEMENTS LL 
           .END LIST 0 .END LIST 0 .END LIST 0 
      This  will  display  lists  in  the  form (decimal number, capital
      letter, lowercase letter).  
4 LEVELS

 .DISPLAY LEVELS [fm1,][fm2,][fm3,][fm4,][fm5,][fm6,]
 .DISPLAY LEVELS [level,]["pre-fix",] [form,] ["post-fix"]
 .DHL [fm1,][fm2,][fm3,][fm4,][fm5,][fm6,]

      specifies the format for display of the header level numbers.  fm1
      to fm6 are format codes for LEVELS 1 to 6.  Each format  code  can
      be  preceded by a pre-fix and followed by a post-fix.  The pre-fix
      and post-fix are 40 char literals  that  will  appear  before  and
      after  the numbers.  If the number is not printed, the post-fix is
      omitted.  When the pre- and  post-fix  are  defined,  the  .HEADER
      LEVEL  command  will  automatically  turn  off underlining and all
      printer special features before the pre-fix and after  the  label.
      The  levels can be specified by number or sequentially.  For exam-
      ple, the following command will set number underlining with upper-
      case letters for level 2 and title underlining with roman numerals
      for level 3:  
           .DISPLAY LEVELS 2,"^&",LU,"\&",RU,"^&" 
           (DSR doesn't support Level numbers, pre-fix or post-fix) 
           DEFAULT:  .DISPLAY LEVELS D,D,D,D,D,D 
4 NUMBER

 .DISPLAY NUMBER ["pre-fix",] [format] [,"post-fix"]
 .DNM ["pre-fix",] [format] [,"post-fix"]

      controls  the format of the page numbers printed at the top of the
      page and in the  index  and  table  of  contents.   The  pre-  and
      post-fixes  specify  text  to be printed before and after the page
      number.  The pre-fix and post-fix are only printed on the  indivi-
      dual  pages,  and  do not appear in the index or table of contents
      page numbers.  The format applies to the page number, which can be
      either  a regular decimal number, Roman numeral, or a letter.  See
      the table of formats.  If the format is  not  specified,  then  it
      remains  unchanged.  If you wish to specify the post-fix only, you
      must either specify the pre-fix, the format, or include commas  to
      mark their absence.  
           DEFAULT:  .DISPLAY NUMBER "Page " , D , "" 
5 EXAMPLE

 If  you  want  pages to be numbered in lower case roman numerals, you
 would use the following command:  
      .DISPLAY NUMBER RL 

 If  you  wish to print a 4 page memorandum, and on each page you want
 the page number and the total number of pages as n/4 underlined,  you
 would issue the following command:  
      .DISPLAY NUMBER "^&" "/4\&" 
 The first page is numbered 1/1, the second 1/2, and so on.  
                            ---             ---

 The RUNOFF manual was produced with the following format:  
      .DISPLAY NUMBER "- " " -".  
4 SUBPAGE

 .DISPLAY SUBPAGE [format] 
 .DSP [format] 

      controls the format of the subpage number.  
           DEFAULT:  .DISPLAY SUBPAGE "" LU "" 
4 SUBTITLE

 .DISPLAY SUBTITLE ["pre-fix"] [,"post-fix"]

      sets  pre-  and post-fixes that are to appear with the subtitle at
      the top of the page.  The .DISPLAY SUBTITLE  command  must  appear
      before  the  .SUBTITLE  command  or  .HEADER LEVEL command that it
      modifies.  The .HEADER LEVEL command produces automatic  subtitles
      if .AUTOSUBTITLE is on.  
           DEFAULT:  .DISPLAY SUBTITLE "" "" 
4 TITLE

 .DISPLAY TITLE ["pre-fix"] [,"post-fix"]

      sets  pre- and post-fixes that are to appear with the title at the
      top of the page.  The .DISPLAY TITLE command  must  appear  before
      the  .TITLE  command  or  .CHAPTER  command that it modifies.  The
      .CHAPTER command produces automatic titles if .AUTOTITLE is on.  
           DEFAULT:  .DISPLAY TITLE "" "" 
4 TOC_PAGE

 .DISPLAY TOC PAGE ["pre-fix"] [,"post-fix"]

      This  command sets pre- and post-fixes that are to appear with the
      page number in the .RNT file.  This modifies  the  format  of  the
      page numbers as they appear along the right margin of the table of
      contents.  The format of the page number  is  also  controlled  by
      .DISPLAY  NUMBER, .DISPLAY SUBPAGE, .DISPLAY CHAPTER, and .DISPLAY
      APPENDIX.  The page numbers at the top and bottom of the table  of
      contents are not modified by this command.  
3 DISABLE


 See ENABLE 

3 ENABLE
4 INTRODUCTION

 These  commands  enable or disable various actions.  Some of the enable
 commands can be confused with the FLAGS commands,  but  they  are  very
 different.   A FLAGS command turns on recognition of special characters
 or combinations of characters, but does not  affect  whether  the  flag
 causes the desired action.  If recognition of a flag is turned on, then
 the enable/disable commands can be used to cause the action of the flag
 to  actually  occur or not.  For example, if you turn on recognition of
 the overstrike flag with  .FLAGS OVERSTRIKE,  then  the  flag  is  also
 enabled.   The flag character, normally a percent sign " % ", will then
 cause  overstriking  and   will   not   appear   in   the   text.    If
 .DISABLE OVERSTRIKING  command  is  then  issued, the percent sign will
 still not appear in the text, unless quoted, but no  overstriking  will
 occur.   See  the  FLAGS  section for further information on the use of
 flags.  
4 BAR

 .ENABLE BAR [n1] [,n2] [,"c"]
 .EBB [n1] [,n2] [,"c"]
   .DISABLE BAR 
   .DBB 

      controls  the printing of change bars.  A change bar is a vertical
      bar printed in the left margin of a  document.   It  is  generally
      used  to  denote  sections  of the document that have been changed
      since the last printing.  Change bars will not actually be printed
      unless  a  .BEGIN BAR command is issued.  The .ENABLE BARS command
      is normally issued at the beginning of a  document.   When  change
      bars  are  enabled, change bars are printed n1 spaces to the right
      of the left margin and normal text is printed n1+n2 spaces to  the
      right  of  the  left margin.  For example, if n1 is 4 and n2 is 3,
      text will be indented by 7 and change bars will appear to the left
      of the text with two spaces in between.  The default values for n1
      and n2 are 0 and 3.  The character printed in the change bar posi-
      tion  can  be  changed  by  specifying the literal "c".  If a null
      literal "" is used, the character reverts to the default.  
           (n1,n2, and "c" are not supported in DSR) 
           DEFAULT:  .DISABLE BAR 
4 COMMAND

 .ENABLE COMMAND REPLACEMENT
   .DISABLE COMMAND REPLACEMENT

      controls  the ability to replace permanently defined commands with
      user defined commands.  If a user command is the same  as  a  per-
      manent  command,  the  permanent  command will be performed unless
      prefaced by an underscore "_".  For example,  if  you  define  the
      following command:  
           .DEFINE COMMAND /p/.s 1 .tt 5 .i 5 
      the command would not normally be performed unless you either 
           .ENABLE COMMAND REPLACEMENT 
                ...or 
           ._P 

      When  command  replacement  is  enabled, you can still select per-
      manent commands by beginning them with a dollar sign "$".  In  the
      example  above,  .$P invokes the permanent command and ._P invokes
      the user defined command.  When command  replacement  is  enabled,
      RUNOFF  may  be  slower  if  you  have  defined  many  commands or
      substitutions.  

           (Not supported in DSR) 
           Default:  .DISABLE COMMAND REPLACEMENT 
4 CONTINUE

 .ENABLE CONTINUE
 .ECO
   .DISABLE CONTINUE
   .DES

      controls  the action at the end of a line when a break or hyphena-
      tion flag occurs.  When CONTINUE is enabled, the line will not au-
      tomatically  break  at  the  end of the input line when in NO FILL
      mode.  In FILL mode, no space will occur between the word  at  the
      end  of  the  line and the word at the beginning of the next input
      line.   When  CONTINUE  is  enabled,  the  break   and   hyphenate
      characters  still  have  their  usual  meaning, and hyphenation or
      breaks may occur at the end of the input line if there is not suf-
      ficient  space for the next word in the output line.  If the break
      or hyphenation flag is followed by a space, then it is not at  the
      end of the line.  
           (Not supported in DSR) 
           DEFAULT:  .DISABLE CONTINUE 
4 ESCAPE

 .ENABLE ESCAPE
 .EES
   .DISABLE ESCAPE
   .DES

      controls  the output of escape sequences.  When ESCAPE is diabled,
      the escape sequence flags will be recognized but not executed.  
           DEFAULT:  .ENABLE ESCAPE 
           (Not supported in DSR) 
4 EQUATION

 .ENABLE EQUATION n
 .EEQ n
   .DISABLE EQUATION
   .DEQ

      controls  the action of the equation formatting flag.  The parame-
      ter n is the number of half lines to allocate above and below each
      character.   If  you are formatting equations with many subscripts
      or superscripts, n=1 may look better because more blank  space  is
      added to the fractions.  When the equation is disabled but has had
      recognition turned on by the .FLAGS  EQUATION  command,  left  and
      right braces { } are translated to be normal parentheses ( ).  
           (Not supported in DSR) 
           DEFAULT:  .ENABLE EQUATION 
4 FLAGS

 .ENABLE FLAGS [flag]
   .DISABLE FLAGS [flag]

      controls  whether  or  not  flags are enabled.  The possible flags
      are:  
           ACCEPT      ALL         BREAK       CAPITALIZE  ESCAPE
           EQUATION    HYPHENATE   INDEX       LOWERCASE   OVERSTRIKE
           SPACE       SPECIAL     SUBINDEX    SUBSTITUTE  TAB
           UNDERLINE   UPPERCASE 
      By  default all flags are initially enabled.  If no flag is speci-
      fied or ALL is specified,  all  flags  except  the  TAB  flag  are
      enabled  or  disabled.   Flags  disabled  by  .NO FLAGS ALL can be
      enabled by a .FLAGS ENABLE flag command.  Flags that have not been
      defined  by a .FLAGS command cannot be enabled.  The enable status
      of flags can be saved with the .SAVE command.   Disabling  a  flag
      does  not  redefine or remove the flag character.  For example, if
      you wish to use the ampersand (&) for some other purpose  than  as
      the  underline  flag,  you  could  undefine  it  with  a .NO FLAGS
      UNDERLINE.  You could also .DISABLE FLAGS UNDERLINE to use the am-
      persand as a printable character.  
           (Not supported in DSR) 
4 HYPHENATION

 .ENABLE HYPHENATION
 .EHY
   .DISABLE HYPHENATION
   .DHY

      Controls  hyphenation.   When  hyphenation is enabled, RUNOFF will
      hyphenate words at the end of an output line.  Hyphenation defined
      by  the  user with the hyphenate flag can also be used.  Automatic
      hyphenation is enabled with the  .AUTOHYPHENATE  command.   RUNOFF
      will not hyphenate:  
           1.  The last line on the page 
           2.  A line following 2 hyphenated lines 
           3.  Equations 
      The following will inhibit autohyphenation:  
           1.  Escape sequences inside a word 
           2.  Overstrikes 
           3.  Non expandable spaces "#" 
           4.  Tabs in front of a word 
           5.  Invalid punctuation 
      Valid punctuation marks are:  
                                / \ . , ( ) " @
      For  example,  words containing hyphens are not hyphenated;  these
      words can be broken by using a break character or by  issuing  the
      command 
                                .AUTOBREAK "-"
      The valid punctuation marks can be changed by the .AUTOHYPHENATION
      command.  

      The  hyphenation  algorithm  is  not  ideal;   there  are  certain
      problems that you must overcome manually.  The hyphenation routine
      receives  no warning when a paragraph is ending.  Consequently, it
      may hyphenate the last word in a paragraph.  This can  be  avoided
      by using the .FLAGS HYPHENATE command and marking the last word in
      a paragraph for no hyphenation.  Also, periods could  be  declared
      as invalid punctuation.  If a footnote overflows to the next page,
      the hyphenation routine may hyphenate the last  word  on  a  page.
      This  can be avoided by use of the hyphenation flag, or by forcing
      the page breaks with the .PAGE command.  Try  to  avoid  footnotes
      that overflow to the next page.  
           DEFAULT:  .ENABLE HYPHENATION 
4 INDEXING

 .ENABLE INDEXING
 .EIX
   .DISABLE INDEXING
   .DIX

      controls the collection and printing of index entries.  
           DEFAULT:  .ENABLE INDEXING 
4 LEVELS

 .ENABLE LEVELS [+-n1],[+-n2]

      enables output of header levels up to n1, and TOC output up to n2.
      In other words, the .DOC file will have header levels 1 to n1  and
      the  .RNT  file  will have levels up to n2.  If n2 is greater than
      n1, the .RNT file will only contain levels up to n1.  If n is  not
      specified,  the  default  value  is assumed.  There is no .DISABLE
      LEVELS command 
           (Not supported in DSR) 
           DEFAULT:  .ENABLE LEVELS 6,6 
4 NUMBERING

 .ENABLE NUMBERING
 .ENMPG
   .DISABLE NUMBERING
   .DNMPG

      controls  whether  page  numbers  are printed.  Numbering does not
      start if it has been turned off by a  .NO  NUMBER  command.   When
      page  numbering is disabled, page numbers will not be printed, but
      pages will still be counted.  The .NUMBER command will not turn on
      the printing of page numbers when page numbering is disabled.  
           DEFAULT:  .ENABLE NUMBERING 
5 CHAPTER

 .ENABLE NUMBERING CHAPTER
 .ENMCH
   .DISABLE NUMBERING CHAPTER
   .DNMCH

      controls  the  form  of page numbering.  When enabled, pages are
      numbered in the chapter form N-M, where N is the chapter  number
      and  M is the page number.  Once chapter numbering has been dis-
      abled, it will not be reenabled by any  command  except  .ENABLE
      NUMBERING CHAPTER.  
           (Not supported in DSR) 
           DEFAULT:  .ENABLE NUMBERING CHAPTER 
4 ODD

 .ENABLE ODD
 .EODD
   .DISABLE ODD
   .DODD

      controls  whether  or not the first page of each chapter is forced
      to be an odd number.  If enabled, and a page must be  skipped,  an
      intermediate  numbered  page with with no text will be produced to
      force the chapter onto the proper page.  
           (Not supported in DSR) 
           DEFAULT:  .DISABLE ODD 
4 OVERSTRIKING

 .ENABLE OVERSTRIKING
 .EOV
   .DISABLE OVERSTRIKING
   .DOV

      enables  or disables the overstriking flag.  If recognition of the
      overstrike flag has been turned on by the .FLAGS  OVERSTRIKE  com-
      mand,  but  overstriking is disabled, RUNOFF will not do any over-
      striking, and the overstrike flag character will not appear in the
      output.   Previous versions of RUNOFF attempted to omit overstruck
      characters, but this is, unfortunately, not possible in  all  cir-
      cumstances, so this feature had to be omitted.  
           DEFAULT:  .ENABLE OVERSTRIKING 
4 PAGING

 .ENABLE PAGING
 .EPAG
   .DISABLE PAGING
   .DPAG

      enables  or  disables  pagination.   When  PAGING is disabled, the
      .PAGE SIZE command will not turn paging on, and the .PAGE  command
      will not produce a page.  See .PAGING.  
           DEFAULT:  .ENABLE PAGING 
           (Not available in DSR) 
4 SUBSTITUTION

 .ENABLE SUBSTITUTION
 .ESST
   .DISABLE SUBSTITUTION
   .DSST

      enables  or disables the substitute flag.  When recognition of the
      substitute flag is turned on, but the flag is disabled,  the  sub-
      stitution will be recognized, but no substitution will be made.  
           DEFAULT:  .ENABLE SUBSTITUTION 
           (Not available in DSR) 
4 TABS

 .ENABLE TABS
 .ETB
   .DISABLE TABS
   .DTB

      controls how the tab key is interpreted for producing tabulated or
      columnar output.  Tabs are normally enabled, so you do not need to
      enable  them unless they have been previously disabled.  When tabs
      are disabled, they are treated as ordinary spaces.  
           (Not supported in DSR) 
           DEFAULT:  .ENABLE TABS 
4 TOC

 .ENABLE TOC
 .ETC
   .DISABLE TOC
   .DTC

      controls  whether  or  not output is sent to the table of contents
      file.  When disabled, neither CHAPTER, .HEADER  LEVEL,  .APPENDIX,
      nor  .SEND  TOC  commands  will  output anything to the .RNT file.
      This command can be used to control which items are placed in  the
      TOC.  
           DEFAULT:  .ENABLE TOC 
4 TRAILING_ZERO

 .ENABLE TRAILING ZERO
   .DISABLE TRAILING ZERO

      controls  whether  or  not header levels are printed with trailing
      zeroes.  For a non-chapter-oriented document, the command 
           .HL 1 
      will print a header level number in the form 
           1.0 
      If trailing zeroes are disabled, the number appear as 
           1 

           (Not available in DSR) 
           DEFAULT:  .ENABLE TRAILING ZERO 
4 UNCONDITIONAL

 .ENABLE UNCONDITIONAL
 .EUNC
   .DISABLE UNCONDITIONAL
   .DUNC

      controls  the  printing  of unconditional text.  When enabled, all
      text that is not preceded by an .IF command  will  appear  in  the
      output.   When  disabled, all input that follows is ignored except
      for .ENABLE UNCONDITIONAL and .IF commands.  These commands cannot
      be  used  inside a note, footnote or text section, and must be the
      first command on a line.  When an .IF command is encountered, RUN-
      OFF will continue processing text as if UNCONDITIONAL were enabled
      until the matching .ENDIF command is reached.  

      These  commands can be used to generate multiple table of contents
      for sections, figures, tables, and so forth.  By disabling  normal
      text,  you  can have RUNOFF pick out only desired sections and ig-
      nore the rest.  
           (NOT available in DSR) 
           DEFAULT:  .ENABLE UNCONDITIONAL 
4 UNDERLINING

 .ENABLE UNDERLINING
 .EUL
   .DISABLE UNDERLINING
   .DUL

      enables or disables the underline flag.  


                                     NOTE

           The  DSR Pocket Reference uses .EUN instead of .EUL, but
           the DST manual uses .EUL, so this has  been  adopted  as
           the  standard  abbreviation.   .EUN  and  .DUN will also
           work, but these might not be supported in the future.  


           .DEFAULT:  .ENABLE UNDERLINING 
3 END
 This  command  ends  a feature.  To find out more see one of the features
 listed below:  
      BAR       CENTER    FOOTNOTE  IF        LIST      LITERAL   NOTE 
      RIGHT     SEPARATED EQUATION  SUBPAGE   TEXT 
3 FLAGS
 A flag is a character that performs some special action.  For example,
 the ampersand (&) flag causes the next character to be underlined.  The
 predefined flags and their default characters are ACCEPT (_), BREAK (|),
 CAPITALIZE (<), CONTROL (.), EQUATION ({, }), LOWERCASE (\),
 HYPENATE (=), INDEX/SUBINDEX (>), OVERSTRIKE (%), PERIOD (+), SPACE(#),
 SUBSTITUTE ($), UNDERLINE (&), and UPPERCASE (^).  In addition, flags can
 be defined by the user for escape sequences that cause special actions on
 the printer.  The character associated with any flag can be changed to a
 different character.  Normally, flags should be defined once at the
 beginning of a document, and not redefined later in the document.  The
 .FLAGS commands are illegal inside a note or footnote.  

 Two classes of RUNOFF commands affect flags:  the .FLAGS flag-name and
 .NO FLAGS flag-name commands turn on and off the recognition of a flag
 character, and the .ENABLE/.DISABLE flag-action commands enable or dis-
 able the action of a flag.  

 Recognition of flag characters means that the flag character will not be
 used for text, and it will not appear in the output.  A recognized flag
 may or may not perform its flag task, depending or whether or not it has
 been enabled.  

 Enabling the action of a flag means that it will perform its task if it
 is recognized.  You can disable and reenable the operation of some flags
 without affecting their recognition.  

 You can change a flag from the default character to another character.
 You might want to do this if, for example, you are frequently using a
 default flag character as regular text.  First turn off recognition of
 the current flag character with a .NO FLAGS flag-name command.  Then
 specify a new flag character with the appropriate .FLAGS flag-name
 command.  

 All flags can be turned on or off with the .ENABLE FLAGS and .DISABLE
 FLAGS commands.  
4 EXAMPLE

 Example:  the following command will redefine the double quotes as the
 underline flag.  

      .FLAGS UNDERLINE " 

 After issuing this command, any character preceded by quotes (") will
 be underlined.  The ampersand (&), which is the default underline
 character, will now be merely a simple printable character.  When the
 .NO FLAGS command disables the selected flag character, it becomes a
 normal printable character.  If you issue a .FLAGS command with a
 character that is already in use as a flag, RUNOFF will reject the com-
 mand and produce an error message.  To turn off underlining but still
 recognize the flag, use the .DISABLE UNDERLINING command.  
4 ACCEPT

 .FLAGS ACCEPT [new flag] 
 .FL ACCEPT [new flag] 
   .NO FLAGS ACCEPT 
   .NFL ACCEPT 

      turns on or off recognition of the accept flag.  The accept flag
      causes the flag character that follows it to be printed as a
      normal character rather than be interpreted as a flag.  The
      default character for the accept flag is the underscore (_).
      Initially recognition of the accept flag is turned on and the flag
      is disabled.  A tab following the underscore flag is treated as a
      normal tab character.  
           DSR uses this flag in a slightly incompatible way:  if it is
      followed by a non printable character the character is included in
      the output and is counted as a single character.  This convention
      was rejected for Bonner Lab Runoff as it makes dealing with con-
      trol codes very difficult.  To output control codes use the
      .DEFINE ESCAPE command.  
4 ALL

 .FLAGS [ALL] 
 .FL [ALL]
   .NO FLAGS [ALL] 
   .NFL [ALL]

      turns on or off recognition of all flags that have been previously
      defined.  This is analogous to a master switch that turns on or
      off all other switches.  .FLAGS ALL only performs a useful func-
      tion if it is preceded by a .NO FLAGS ALL.  .NO FLAGS ALL disables
      recognition of all flags except the CONTROL flag and the TAB flag. 
4 BREAK

 .FLAGS BREAK [new flag] 
 .FL BREAK [new flag] 
   .NO FLAGS BREAK 
   .NFL BREAK 

      turns on or off recognition of the break flag.  The break flag
      marks where RUNOFF may break word or expression at the end of a
      line.  The default character for the break flag is the vertical
      bar (|).  Initially recognition of the break flag flag is off.  A
      word will only be broken at the flag if the rest of the word would
      otherwise exceed the right margin.  If more thatn one break flag
      is present in a word that requires a break, RUNOFF leaves as much
      of the word as possible on the line.  If an .ENABLE CONTINUE com-
      mand has been issued, and the break flag occurs at the end of an
      input line, text will continue immediately with the next line with
      no space being inserted.  
4 CAPITALIZE

 .FLAGS CAPITALIZE [new flag] 
 .FL CAPITALIZE [new flag] 
   .NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE 
   .NFL CAPITALIZE 

      turns on or off recognition of the capitalize flag.  The capital-
      ize flag causes the entire word directly following it to be
      capitalized.  The default character for the capitalize flag is the
      less-than (<).  Initially recognition of the capitalize flag is
      off.  (^<) can be used to perform a shift lock to upper case.  All
      characters will then be printed in upper case until a shift
      release (^^) is encountered.  
4 CONTROL

 .FLAGS CONTROL [new flag] 
 .FL CONTROL [new flag] 
   .NO FLAGS CONTROL 
   .NFL CONTROL 

      turns on or off recognition of the control flag.  The control flag
      is the character that appears at the beginning of a line (at the
      left margin) to indicate that the line is a command instead of
      text.  When the character is to be accepted as a text character,
      you do not need to precede it by an accept flag (_) as long as the
      position is not at the left margin.  If you need the accept flag
      to appear at the left margin, precede it by an accept flag.  The
      default character for the control flag is the period(.).  Warning:
      once a .NO FLAGS CONTROL has been issued, you can no longer give
      any more commands, including .FLAGS CONTROL.  So this is a
      non-reversable command.  
4 ESCAPE

 .FLAGS ESCAPE [escape flag] 
 .FL ESCAPE [escape flag]
   .NO FLAGS ESCAPE 
   .NFL ESCAPE 


      turns on or off recognition of the escape sequence flags.  Escape
      sequence flags are sets of special control characters (escape se-
      quences) that cause a printer to perform a variety of control
      functions such as printing characters in bold or changing the font
      to be used for printing.  Initially recognition of the escape se-
      quence flags is turned off and they are disabled.  Two escape se-
      quence flags are initially defined:  the circumflex (^) and the
      back slash (\).  You can also specify an additional escape
      character of your choice.  See the .DEFINE ESCAPE command for a
      complete description of how to use escape sequences.  
      (Not available in DSR) 
4 EQUATION

 .FLAGS EQUATION
 .FL EQUATION
   .NO FLAGS EQUATION
   .NFL EQUATION

      turns on or off recognition of the equation formatting flags.  The
      default characters used for the formatting flags are the left and
      right brace ({}), and recognition of the flags is turned off.  See
      the section on Equation Formatting for a complete description of
      the use of these flags.  
      (Not available in DSR) 
4 LOWERCASE

 .FLAGS LOWERCASE [new flag]
 .FL LOWERCASE [new flag]
   .NO FLAGS LOWERCASE
   .NFL LOWERCASE

      turns on or off recognition of the lowercase flag.  The lowercase
      flag temporarily sets the case mode to lower case.  It is also
      used to turn off features such as underlining.  The default
      character used for the lowercase flag is the backslash (\).
      Initially recognition of the lowercase flag is turned on and the
      flag is enabled.  
4 HYPHENATE

 .FLAGS HYPHENATE [new flag] 
 .FL HYPHENATE [new flag] 
   .NO FLAGS HYPHENATE 
   .NFL HYPHENATE

      turns on or off recognition of the hyphenation flag.  If the
      hypenation flag appears inside a word, it specifies the point at
      which the word may be hyphenated.  If it precedes the word, it in-
      dicates that the word cannot be hyphenated.  More than one hy-
      phenation point can be specified in a word.  When explicit hy-
      phenation is specified, no automatic hyphenation will occur for
      the word.  If the .ENABLE CONTINUE command is issued, then the
      current input line is continued when the hyphen flag appears at
      the end of the line.  The default character for the hyphenation
      flag is the equal (=) sign.  Initially recognition of the hyphena-
      tion flag is turned off.  
4 INDEX

 .FLAGS INDEX [new flag]
 .FL INDEX [new flag]
   .NO FLAGS INDEX
   .NFL INDEX

      turns on or off recognition of the index flag.  When the index
      flag precedes a word, that word is automatically included in the
      index and not printed as part of the normal text.  The default
      character for the index flag is the right arrow (>).  The word to
      be indexed should be terminated by either a space, tab, non ex-
      pandable space (#), hyphenate flag (=), index flag (>), or end of
      line.  If more than 1 word needs to be part of the index term, the
      words should be separated by a quoted space (_ ).  Initially
      recognition of the index flag is turned off.  See the section on
      INDEXING for a complete discussion of how to create an index for
      your document.  
4 OVERSTRIKE

 .FLAGS OVERSTRIKE [new flag]
 .FL OVERSTRIKE [new flag]
   .NO FLAGS OVERSTRIKE 
   .NFL OVERSTRIKE 

      turns on or off recognition of the overstrike flag.  This flag
      generates a backspace so that the previous character can be over-
      stiken with the next character, allowing formation of composite
      characters for approximate scientific symbols or for adding
      diacritical marks for foreign languages.  For example, a O over-
      striken with a - produces a theta (O-).  The default overstrike
      character is the percent sign (%).  Initially recognition of the
      overstrike character is turned off.  
4 PERIOD

 .FLAGS PERIOD [new flag] 
 .FL PERIOD [new flag] 
   .NO FLAGS PERIOD 
   .NFL PERIOD 


      turns on or off recognition of the period flag.  If in fill mode,
      the period flag inserts extra expandable space after a period,
      colon, question mark, or exclamation point followed by an
      end-of-line space.  For example, when this flag is on:  
           A+ B will appear as:  
           A  B By default 2 spaces are inserted, but this can be
      changed with the .PERIOD command.  The default period flag is the
      period (.).  Initially recognition of the period flag is on and
      the flag enabled.  
4 SPACE

 .FLAGS SPACE [new flag] 
 .FL SPACE [new flag] 
   .NO FLAGS SPACE 
   .NFL SPACE 

      turns on or off recognition of the space flag.  The space flag
      produces one unexpandable space (not affected by justification) in
      the output file for every occurance in the input file.  If the
      space flag is inserted between two words, they are treated as one
      word by RUNOFF (although they will appear as separate words in the
      output file).  The default character for the space flag is the
      number sign (#).  Initially recognition of the space flag is
      turned on and it is enabled.  
4 SPECIAL

 .FLAGS SPECIAL [flag1][flag2][flag3] .  .  .
 .FL SPECIAL [flag1][flag2][flag3] .  .  .
   .NO FLAGS SPECIAL [flag1][flag2][flag3] .  .  .
   .NFL SPECIAL [flag1][flag2][flag3] .  .  .

      turns on or off recognition of special characters that will
      trigger the generation of escape sequences in the output file.
      The first character of the escape sequence defined by the .DEFINE
      ESCAPE command must be the circumflex (^).  For example, if you
      want the left square bracket ([) to be an escape sequence flag
      that causes an escape character followed by a D to be output, you
      would enter the following commands:  

           .FLAGS SPECIAL [ 
           .DEFINE ESCAPE /^[/ 33,"D" 

      Once you have done this, the left square bracket is no longer
      printable unless preceded by the accept flag (_).  Note that more
      than one flag character can be specied with a single .FLAGS SPE-
      CIAL command.  This command also turns on or off processing of all
      other special flags previously defined.  
      (Not available in DSR) 
4 SUBINDEX

 .FLAGS SUBINDEX [new flag]
 .FL SUBINDEX [new flag]
   .NO FLAGS SUBINDEX
   .NFL SUBINDEX

      turns on or off recognition of the subindex flag.  Subindex en-
      tries marked with this flag are collected and alphabetized below
      the primary entry to which they refer.  The subindex flag is only
      recognized inside an .INDEX command.  Since the subindex flag is
      not recognized as normal text, it can be the same character as the
      index flag.  The default character for the subindex flag is the
      right arrow (>).  See the section on INDEXING for information on
      the use of the subindex flag.  
4 SUBSTITUTE

 .FLAGS SUBSTITUTE [new flag] 
 .FL SUBSTITUTE [new flag]
   .NO FLAGS SUBSTITUTE 
   .NFL SUBSTITUTE 

      turns on or off the substitution flag.  When this flag is turned
      on, it causes either a date or a time to be substituted in the
      output file.  This is the only flag that must be paired with
      itself.  The default character for the substitution flag is the
      dollar sign ($), so ($$) must be used to trigger a substitution.
      Eight permanent substitutions are defined by RUNOFF.  
      Suppose the current date and time is 
                           January 17,1983 15:23:51
           then the permanent substitutions are
           Symbol                  Resulting output
           $$DATE                  17 Jan 83
           $$TIME                  15:23:51
           $$YEAR                  1983
           $$MONTH                 January
           $$DAY                   17
           $$HOURS                 15
           $$MINUTES               23
           $$SECONDS               51

 The pair of dollar signs ($$) that denote the permanent substitutions
 are both redefined if the substitute flag is redefined.  For example,
 if you redefine the substitute flag to be ", then to print the date you
 must type:  ""DATE.  The permanent substitutions can be typed in either
 lowercase or uppercase letters.  The following are equally valid:
 $$DATE $$date $$DaTe.  
4 TAB

 .FLAGS TAB [new flag] 
 .FL TAB [new flag] 
   .NO FLAGS TAB
   .NFL TAB

      turns on or off recognition of the tab flag.  The default
      character for the tab flag is a tab.  When some other character is
      defined as the tab flag, then a tab in the input text will produce
      a space.  This command is useful in making RNO compatible with
      other word formatters.  Most editors do not display tab
      characters, so this command could also be used to make tabs vis-
      able by reassigning them to an unused printable character.  And
      using a visible character for a tab can make it easier to form
      output into columns.  Initially recognition of the tab flag is
      turned on and it is enabled.  
      (This is not available in DSR) 
4 UNDERLINE

 .FLAGS UNDERLINE [new flag] 
 .FL UNDERLINE [new flag] 
   .NO FLAGS UNDERLINE
   .NFL UNDERLINE

      turns on or off recognition of the underline flag.  The underline
      flag causes the next character to be underlined.  The default
      character for the underline flag is the ampersand (&).  If the un-
      derline flag is paired with the uppercase flag(^&), it locks un-
      derlining on until an occurance of the underline flag paired with
      the lowercase flag(\&).  Initially recognition of the underline
      flag is on, and it is enabled.  
4 UPPERCASE

 .FLAGS UPPERCASE [new flag] 
 .FL UPPERCASE [new flag] 
   .NO FLAGS UPPERCASE 
   .NFL UPPERCASE 

      turns on or off recognition of the uppercase flag.  A single oc-
      curance of the uppercase flag serves the same purpose as a
      typwriter SHIFT key by capitalizing the single letter that follows
      it.  It has no effect if the character following is not a letter.
      The default character for the uppercase flag is the circumflex
      (^).  When the uppercase flag is paired with a capitalize flag
      (^<), the action is the same as performing a SHIFT-LOCK on a
      typwriter:  the text that follows will appear in uppercase until
      the SHIFT-LOCK is removed with a (\<).  When the uppercase flag is
      paired with the underline flag (^&), underlining is locked on un-
      til the occurance of (\&).  Two uppercase flags in a row (^^)
      turns off the lower case lock.  If the circumflex is used exten-
      sively in the text, you may want to specify an alternate character
      for the uppercase flag.  Initially recognition of the uppercase
      flag is turned on and the flag is enabled.  
3 LIST

 .LIST [n] ["char"] 
 .LS [n] ["char"]

      specifies the beginning of a list of items.  The left margin is
      moved 9 spaces to the right for the first .LIST command, and 4 addi-
      tional spaces for each subsequent nested LIST.  n specifies the
      number of blank lines to appear before each item.  The .LIST ELEMENT
      command is used to specify each item in the list, and the .END LIST
      command is used to end the list.  
4 MARGINS

 If the .SPACING setting is greater than 1, the actual number of blank
 lines is n times the spacing.  If n is omitted, the current paragraph
 spacing is used.  If the optional character "char" is specified, then
 the character is output rather than a number.  Thus, a "bullet" can be
 produced by specifying "o" as the optional character.  If you wish to
 indent by a different amount than the default, the margins can be
 changed by using .LEFT MARGIN or .RIGHT MARGIN after .LIST.  See also
 .NUMBER LIST and .DISPLAY ELEMENTS.  
      DEFAULT:  .LIST paragraph-spacing 
4 ELEMENT

 .LIST ELEMENT [;]text
 .LE [;]text

      specifies the start of each item in the list.  If the text of the
      item appears on the same line as the command, the text must be
      separated from the command with any number of intervening spaces
      or tabs, or (optionally) one semicolon.  Each list element entry
      produces a number followed by a decimal point "." and two spaces
      followed by the text.  If you prefer letters, roman numerals or
      some character other than the decimal point, see the .DISPLAY ELE-
      MENTS command.  The text lines up with the left margin, and the
      item numbers are placed 4 spaces to the left of the left margin.
      If there are not 4 spaces between the current margin and the per-
      manent margin, then the number will be lined up with the permanent
      margin.  A .TEST TEXT t,b is performed for each list element using
      the value set in the last .PARAGRAPH or .SET PARAGRAPH command.
      Both widow and orphan lines are prevented by the paragraph test
      values.  

      The .LIST ELEMENT command can be issued without a preceding .LIST
      command, in which case the element might be considered to be the
      0'th or base list.  
           (the [;] is required in DSR) 
4 END

 .END LIST n 
 .ELS n 

      terminates a list and restores the margins to their previous set-
      tings before the last .LIST command.  The optional value n causes
      a .SKIP n after the last item in the list.  
           DEFAULT:  END LIST paragraph-spacing 
4 NESTING

                                 NESTING

 Lists can be nested up to 10 deep.  That is, up to 10 .LIST commands
 can be used without any intervening .END LIST commands.  This number
 can be modified by the system manager when RUNOFF is built.  
4 EXAMPLE

                                 EXAMPLE

 Suppose you wish to make a list of the colors of the rainbow.  You
 could do this by issuing the following commands.  
          .list 0
          .le RED
          .le ORANGE
          .le YELLOW
          .le GREEN
          .le BLUE
          .le VIOLET
          .end list
 The result would be the following:  
                1.  RED 
                2.  ORANGE 
                3.  YELLOW 
                4.  GREEN 
                5.  BLUE 
                6.  VIOLET 


 It is possible to precede the list with letters as A,B,C ...  and so
 on, or by Roman numerals.  To do this, see the .DISPLAY LIST command.  
3 IF

 .IF aaa [bbb] ...

      causes the following text down to the next .END aaa or .ELSE aaa to
      be processed only if one or more of the labels aaa, bbb, ...  have
      been defined by a .VARIANT command.  Otherwise the text is ignored.
      Each label can be up to 40 numbers or letters in length in either
      upper or lower case.  The label case is ignored, so ABC or abc are
      equivalent labels.  The only special symbols allowed in labels are
      the underscore "_" and the asterisk "*".  Other special symbols or
      blanks are not allowed.  If the labels have not been defined, text
      processing is suppressed until the next .ENDIF or .ELSE is
      encountered.  
           (DSR supports only single labels) 
4 NOT

 .IF NOT aaa [bbb] ...

      causes the following text down to the next .END aaa or .ELSE aaa
      to be ignored if one or more of the labels aaa, bbb, ...  have
      been defined by a .VARIANT command.  Otherwise the text is
      processed.  

 .ELSE aaa

      changes true conditionals to false and false to true.  After an
      .IF, the action is the same as if an .IF NOT were issued with the
      same label.  After an .IF NOT the action is the same as if an .IF
      were issued with the same label.  Only a single .ELSE should fol-
      low an .IF or .IF NOT.  The label aaa must either be the same as
      the label for the previous .IF or .IF NOT, or it must be "*".  
4 END

 .ENDIF aaa

      terminates the range of an .IF or .IF NOT statement.  The label
      aaa must either be the same as the label for the previous .IF or
      .IF NOT, or it must be *.  The .ENDIF command must not be used in-
      side a defined command, or RUNOFF will not recognize it.  If con-
      ditional text containing .REQUIRE commands is not processed, any
      .ENDIF inside one of the required files will not be seen.  


                                     NOTE

           If  a  literal command is used inside an IF and the text
           is not processed, an .ENDIF  will  still  be  recognized
           after  the  .LITERAL  because the literal command is not
           recognized, so the text following it will be treated  as
           normal text.  


4 VARIANT

 .VARIANT aaa [bbb] ...
   .NO VARIANT aaa [bbb] ...

      defines a label aaa that is used to control the action of sub-
      sequent .IF commands.  If the label is present in the VARIANT
      statement, then .IF aaa will cause text to be printed and .IF NOT
      aaa will suppress text.  .NO VARIANT undefines the label aaa.  The
      .VARIANT command only affects subsequent IF/IFNOT commands, and
      has no affect on previous IF/IFNOT commands.  Multiple labels can
      be specified with one variant command.  A label can contain a "*"
      as the last character to indicate that the rest of the label is
      wild.  If a label is wild, only the characters up to the "*" are
      matched;  the rest of the label is ignored.  For example, "A*"
      will define all labels beginning with A as variants.  
4 IMMEDIATE

 .IMMEDIATE IF label
 .IIF label
   .IMMEDIATE IFNOT label
   .IIFNOT label

      are similar to .IF and .IFNOT except that they apply only to the
      rest of the current line and they are not followed by .ELSE or
      .ENDIF.  This command can be used inside a defined command, and
      need not be the first command on a line.  
4 WARNING


                                 Warning

      If  IF/ELSE/ENDIF  commands  are  not  the first command on a
      line, or if they are inside a defined command, they  will  be
      ignored and an error message will result.  


4 AEXAMPLE

                                Example:

      .VARIANT NOTES1
      .IF NOTES1
      This line is printed
      .ELSE NOTES1
      This line is not printed
      .ENDIF NOTES1
      .IF NOT NOTES1
      This line is not printed
      .ENDIF NOTES1
      .IF undefined
      This line is not printed
      .ENDIF undefined
      .IFNOT undefined
      This line is printed
      .ELSE  undefined
      This line is not printed
      .ENDIF undefined
4 BEXAMPLE

                                Example:

 Consider the following problem:  You have used a .REQUIRE at the top of
 several .RNO files to define some commonly used substitutions and
 escapes.  You now make up a main .RNO file that requires several of
 these .RNO files.  Unfortunately, the main file will cause the prefix
 file to be required several times, and each time it is required, a
 string of error messages will be generated:  
      RNO -- Substitution already defined 
 The way to avoid this problem is to execute the prefix file only once.
 This can be guaranteed by putting the statement 
      .IFNOT prefix 
 at the top of the prefix file, and the statements 
      .VARIANT prefix 
      .ENDIF prefix 
 at the bottom of the prefix file.  
4 CEXAMPLE

                                Example:

 Here is an example of the .NO VARIANT command:  

      .VARIANT abc
      .IF abc
      This line will appear
      .ENDIF abc
      .NO VARIANT abc
      .IF abc
      This line will not appear
      .ELSE abc
      This line will appear
      .ENDIF abc
4 DEXAMPLE

                                Example:

 Here is an example of multiple labels:  

      .Variant abc
      .IF abc def
      This line appears
      .ENDIF *
      .IF abc
      This line appears
      .ENDIF *
      .IF def
      This line will not appear
      .ENDIF *
4 EEXAMPLE

                           IMMEDIATE example:

 The following illustrates the use of the IMMEDIATE IF command:  

      .VARIANT A
      .IIF A;This line appears.
      .IIFNOT A;This line will not appear.
      .IIF B;This line will appear.
      .IIFNOT B;This line will not appear.
4 NESTING

                                 Nesting

 IF statements can be nested one inside another.  Remember, however,
 that once an .IF aaa or .IFNOT aaa causes text to be skipped, no
 further text will be processed until .ENDIF aaa.  RUNOFF allows up to
 levels of nesting.  Here is a nesting example:  

      .VARIANT B
      .IF B
      This line is processed
      .IF C
      This line is not
      .ELSE C
      .IF B
      This line is processed
      .ELSE B
      This line is not
      .ENDIF B
      .ENDIF C
      .ELSE B
      This line is not
      .IFNOT C
      This line is not
      .ENDIF C
      .ENDIF B

 Here is an example of improper nesting:

      .IF B
      .IF C
      .ENDIF B
      .ENDIF C
4 RESTRICTIONS

                              RESTRICTIONS

 Each time you use IF/IFNOT/VARIANT commands, a label is added to the
 internal symbol table.  If you have defined too many labels, RUNOFF
 will run out of dynamic memory.  If multiple labels are used with an IF
 command, only the last one is added to the symbol table, so if you
 always use the same last label, you can safely have a large variety of
 labels before the last one.  
3 INDEX

 .INDEX [text] 
 .X [text] 

      adds an index entry along with the current page number to the inter-
      nal index buffer.  The command does not cause a break.  If in FILL
      mode, the index command must appear immediately after the item to be
      indexed.  If in NO FILL mode, the index command must appear im-
      mediately after the line containing the index item.  If RUNOFF
      breaks the line because it is too long, the index page number may be
      incorrect.  Underlining, overstriking, and escape sequences are not
      recognized in index keywords because there is no rational way to al-
      phabetize keywords if they are used.  A given keyword can be indexed
      more than once.  If a keyword is indexed more than one time on a
      given page, only one entry appears for that page in the index.  

      SEE also the commands .ENABLE INDEXING and .DISABLE INDEXING.  
4 ENTRY

 .ENTRY index term
 .Y index term

      puts an index term into the index, but doesn't include the current
      page number.  This command requests optimization for subindex
      entries.  
4 DO

 .DO INDEX [;][text] 
 .DX [;][text]

      clears the title and subtitle, uses the text as a header, and
      starts a new page.  The entire contents of the internal index
      buffer is printed and the buffer is reset.  The .DO INDEX command
      is equivalent to:  
           .TITLE 
           .SUBTITLE 
           .FLUSH .PAGE .C;  [text] 
           .S 4 .PRINT INDEX 

      If no text is specified, the word INDEX is used as the header
      text.  
4 PRINT

 .PRINT INDEX ["entry"]
 .PX ["entry"]

      prints the specified entry in the internal index buffer.  If no
      entry is specified, the entire index buffer is printed and the
      buffer is reset.  (If an entry is specified, the internal index
      buffer is not reset.) The "entry" must be a previously specified
      index term.  This term and all of its subindex terms will be
      printed.  
4 FORMAT

 Entries are printed in alphabetic order and are set against the left
 margin.  Chapter and subpage numbers are printed in the same format as
 specified by the .DISPLAY CHAPTER or .DISPLAY SUBPAGE commands.
 Regular line spacing is used, except that a new paragraph is formed
 between entries with different first letter.  Orphan lines at the end
 of the page are prevented by the paragraph test page value.  Paragraph
 indentation is used to indent extra page numbers that cannot fit on the
 line with the index entry.  

 If both FILL and JUSTIFY are enabled, the entry is followed by ellipses
 ( . . . ) and the page numbers are printed right justified with respect
 to the current right margin.  If FILL is disabled, the ellipses are
 omitted.  If JUSTIFY is disabled, the page numbers will start 2 spaces
 after the index entry, and no justification will occur.  
      (This use of FILL and JUSTIFY as well as the paragraph spacing is
 not the same as in DSR) 
4 DELETE

 .DELETE INDEX "entry"

      deletes an index entry from the internal index buffer.  (The
      buffer is not shortened, so no space is saved.) This command is
      useful for breaking the index into several parts.  Each part can
      be printed separately by .PRINT INDEX and the deleted.  Finally,
      all of the remaining parts can be printed and the internal index
      buffer reset.  
4 RESET

 .RESET INDEX

      resets the internal index buffer so that it contains no entries.
      This is done automatically by .DO INDEX or an unqualified .PRINT
      INDEX.  
4 SUBINDEX

                                SUBINDEX

 Terms can be subindexed by issuing the command .FLAGS SUBINDEX.  Each
 subindex item is marked by a subindex flag.  Subindex items will appear
 indented by 2 spaces more than the previous item when a .PRINT INDEX
 command or .DO INDEX is issued.  For example, the following text:  
      .FLAGS SUBINDEX
      .INDEX flags>substitute
      .INDEX flags>index
      .PRINT INDEX
   produces:
      flags
        index      1
        substitute 1
4 AUTOINDEX

                                AUTOINDEX

 Index terms can be generated automatically without using the .INDEX
 command if the .FLAGS INDEX command has been issued.  Any term preceded
 by an index flag (>) will be automatically indexed.  For further infor-
 mation see:  FLAGS INDEX.  Autoindexing cannot be done inside a .TITLE,
 .SUBTITLE, .CHAPTER, .APPENDIX, or .HEADER LEVEL command.  
4 OPTIMIZATION

 The index facility can optimize the speed of index processing by keep-
 ing internal quick reference tables in dynamic memory.  A table is
 always kept for the main entries.  You can control whether tables are
 kept for subentries by using the .ENTRY statement.  For example, if you
 know that a large set of subindex entries will be made under the entry
 NAMES, then you should request subindex optimization with the following
 command:  
      .ENTRY NAMES> 

 This command must precede any .INDEX commands with the main entry
 NAMES.  If you do not wish optimization for the subentries of NAMES,
 then use the command:  
      .ENTRY NAMES 

 The optimization applies to all levels of subindex entries.  For exam-
 ple, 
      .ENTRY NAMES>Authors>British 
      .ENTRY NAMES>Authors>American 
      .X NAMES>Authors>French 
 will optimize all subentries under NAMES,Authors,British, and American.
 Subentries under French will not be optimized.  The number of subindex
 entries must be greater than 26 for optimization to improve the execu-
 tion speed.  
3 NO
 Many commands may be prefaced by NO to turn off the feature.  The follow-
 ing features are disabled by NO.  For more information see the documenta-
 tion on the feature.  

      AUTOBREAK      AUTOHYPHENATE  AUTOPARAGRAPH  AUTOSUBTITLE 
      AUTOTABLE      AUTOTITLE      ELLIPSES       FILL           FLAGS 
      HALF SPACING   HEADERS        JUSTIFY        KEEP           NUMBER 
      NUMBER         PAGING         PERIOD         SPACE          TITLE 
      UNDERLINE      VARIANT 
3 NUMBER

 These  commands  set numbers for various items.  The number can be speci-
 fied either as a decimal number or a string of  letters.   The  letter  A
 corresponds to 1, B to 2, Z to 26, AA to 27, AB to 28, and so on.  If the
 number is preceded by a plus sign "+", the new value  is  the  old  value
 plus the specified increment.  If the number is omitted, it is assumed to
 be 1.  No number should exceed 8,388,607 or  RIFZW.   DSR  allows  larger
 numbers,  but  both  RNO and DSR incorrectly handle Roman numerals larger
 than 3999.  
4 APPENDIX

 .NUMBER APPENDIX [+-n] 

      specifies  a number or letter to be used as the identifying letter
      for a subsequent APPENDIX command.  See NUMBER CHAPTER.  
4 CHAPTER

 .NUMBER CHAPTER [+-n] 
 .NMCH [+-n] 

      specifies  a  number  or letter to be used in a subsequent CHAPTER
      command.  This command is useful when a chapter of a document  oc-
      cupies  a  source  file of its own.  In this case, .NUMBER CHAPTER
      should be the first command of the source file.   .NUMBER  CHAPTER
      can  also  be  used to skip a chapter that will be inserted later.
      To skip chapters, specify +n.  For example, if the current chapter
      is 10 and you specify .NUMBER CHAPTER +2, the next chapter will be
      12.  .NUMBER CHAPTER  enables  chapter  numbering,  so  that  each
      .CHAPTER  or .APPENDIX command will reset the page number to 1 and
      cause the chapter or appendix number to be printed with  the  page
      number as part of the page header.  (Default).  
5 NO

 .NO NUMBER CHAPTER 

      disables  chapter  numbering, so that page numbers are not reset
      with each chapter or appendix, and the  chapter/appendix  number
      is  not printed as part of the header.  If this command is used,
      it must  be  issued  before  the  first  .CHAPTER  or  .APPENDIX
      command.   If  you intend to control chapter numbering, but wish
      running page numbers, then you must reissue this  command  after
      each  after each .NUMBER CHAPTER command.  Chapter numbering can
      be permanently disabled  with  the  .DISABLE  NUMBERING  CHAPTER
      command.  
4 LEVEL

 .NUMBER LEVEL [+-n1],[+-n2],[+-n3],[+-n4],[+-n5],[+-n6]
 .NMLV [+-n1],[+-n2],[+-n3],[+-n4],[+-n5],[+-n6]

      specifies  the  beginning  number  of  a  sequence of headers.  It
      should be issued immediately before the first .HEADER  LEVEL  that
      you wish to affect.  If the next .HEADER LEVEL command specifies a
      level different from the one implied in the .NUMBER LEVEL command,
      you  will  get unexpected results.  If n1 is omitted then the next
      level will be 1.0.  For example the following command sequence  is
      specified:  

                .NUMBER HEADER 5,4,3,2 .HEADER LEVEL 

      The result of this would be:  

                5.4.3.2 
      If  the current level is 1.2.3.4 and .NUMBER LEVELS +1,+1,-1,-1 is
      specified, the next section header will be 2.3.2.3.  
4 ITEM

 .NUMBER ITEM /name/ [+-n1]
 .NMIT /name/ [+-n1]

      specifies  a  new  value  for the item "name".  The item must have
      been previously defined by the .DEFINE ITEM command.  
4 LIST

 .NUMBER LIST [+-n]
 .NMLS [+-n]

      sets  the next number in a list to n.  For example, if the current
      list element is numbered 10 and you specify .NUMBER LIST  +2,  the
      the next element will be 12.  
4 PAGE

 .NUMBER [PAGE] [+-n] 
 .NMPG [+-N] 
   .NO NUMBER 
   .NNM 

      controls  page  numbering.  The .NUMBER PAGE command indicates the
      beginning of a new  page  numbering  sequence  by  specifying  the
      number  for  the  next  page.   For  example,  if you wish to skip
      several pages for inserting diagrams, artwork, or any other  items
      that require a full pages, you can do so by issuing the commands: 
           .NUMBER PAGE +n .PAGE 
      The  next  page number will be the current page number plus n.  If
      you issue .NUMBER PAGE 10, then the next page will be 10.  If  the
      current  page is 10 and you specify .NUMBER PAGE +2, the next page
      will be 12.  If the current page is 10  and  you  specify  .NUMBER
      PAGE  -1, the next page will be 9.  .NUMBER PAGE +1 is essentially
      redundant.  The page  number  is  normally  right  justified  with
      respect  to  the  permanent  right  margin.   See  the  .PAGE SIZE
      command.  

      .NO  NUMBER PAGE stops page numbering.  However, pages continue to
      be counted, so that the normal page number  will  appear  if  page
      numbering  is  resumed  with the .NUMBER command.  To disable page
      numbering and not have pages numbered, use the .DISABLE  NUMBERING
      command.  
4 SUBPAGE

 .NUMBER SUBPAGE [+-n] 
 .NMSPG [+-n] 

      indicates  the  beginning  of a new sequence of subpage numbers by
      using the specified subpage number or letter on the next page.  
2 TABLE_OF_CONTENTS
 RUNOFF  can  produce  a  table of contents (TOC) for your document that in-
 cludes all chapters and and section headers at level 1.  The .ENABLE LEVELS
 command  can  be used to include other header levels in the TOC.  The addi-
 tion of items to the TOC can be enabled or disabled by the .ENABLE TOC  and
 .DISABLE  TOC  commands.   The  resulting TOC is not quite the same as that
 produced by DSR in that the header levels are  not  indented  by  the  same
 amount.  (This may be changed in future versions.) 
3 FILESPEC

 A  TOC  file  is  produced if you have specified a second output filespec
 when envoking RUNOFF.  The default extension of the  TOC  file  is  .RNT.
 For example, to get a TOC file and a regular runoff file, type 
           >RNO EXAMPLE,EXAMPLE=EXAMPLE 

 The two files EXAMPLE.DOC and EXAMPLE.RNT will be produced from the input
 EXAMPLE.RNO.  EXAMPLE.RNT file must then be passed through RUNOFF to  get
 the final TOC file.  If the .RNT is not satisfactory, you can edit it be-
 fore this final step.  
           >RNO EXAMPLE.TOC=EXAMPLE.RNT 

 The  final EXAMPLE.DOC and EXAMPLE.TOC files can be printed separately or
 a new composite file can be created:  
           $ COPY EXAMPLE.TOC,EXAMPLE.DOC EXAMPLE.TXT 

 The composite file EXAMPLE.TXT is now a complete document to be printed. 

 The following commands control the TOC output.  
3 SEND

 .SEND TOC [;]text
 .STC text

      sends  the "text" to the .RNT file.  The text can be used to control
      the TOC output.  The text can actually be a set  of  commands.   For
      example, .REQUIRE "FORMAT" might be used to insert a set of commands
      to control the format of the TOC.  If the same  command  appears  in
      the  text,  you  insure  that the TOC and documentation all have the
      same format.  

 .SEND PAGE TOC [n] [;text]

      sends  text  and  the current page number to the .RNT file.  If n is
      specified,  the  text  is  preceded  by  .IF TOCn  and  followed  by
      .ENDIF TOCn.   The  parameter  n  must be in the range 1 to 9.  This
      command facilitates multiple indices.  You can use the .DISABLE  UN-
      CONDITIONAL  command  to turn off regular index entries, and pick up
      and print the conditional entries in a second or third pass.  
3 BEGIN

 .TOC
   .END TOC

      are  not  normally  used.  They are automatically placed in the .RNT
      file by RUNOFF.  .TOC enables formatting for the table of  contents.
      It does the following:  
           1.  New pages for each chapter are inhibited.  
           2.  The  .CHAPTER command uses the paragraph test page to check
               the number of lines available.  
           3.  All tab stops are cleared.  
           4.  .NO NUMBER CHAPTER 
           5.  .STYLE CHAPTER 1,-1,-1,0,2 
           6.  .STYLE HEADERS ,,,,,0,0,0 
               This sets "skips" and "test page for levels" to zero.  
           7.  .INDENT LEVELS 8,8 


      .END  TOC  is the complement to .TOC.  It ends the table of contents
      and allows normal text processing.  It does the following:  
           1.  New pages are allowed at the start of each chapter.  
           2.  Tab stops are NOT changed.  
                             ---
           3.  .NUMBER CHAPTER 
           4.  .STYLE CHAPTER 12,1,3,-1,-1 
           5.  .STYLE HEADERS ,,,,,2,1,7 
           6.  .INDENT LEVELS 0,0 


 The  format of the final table of contents can be altered either by edit-
 ing the .RNT file or by using .STC to add extra commands.  The  following
 hints may help you in designing your own format.  
      1.  The  .RNT  file needs .FILL to operate properly so do not edit a
          .NO FILL command into it.  
      2.  The page numbers are right justified using tabs without ellipses
          enabled.  If you want ellipses,  use  the  .SEND  TOC  .ELLIPSES
          command.  
      3.  .ENABLE  LEVELS  n1,n2  can  be  used to automatically determine
          which header levels are printed in the table of  contents.   The
          parameter  n2  is the maximum header level to output to the .RNT
          file and hence the maximum to appear in the table of contents.  
      4.  A  title page can be placed in front of the table of contents by
          putting it into a separate file called TITLE and inserting  .STC
          .REQUIRE "TITLE" at the front of the .RNO file.  
      5.  You  can  number  the  table of contents in lower roman numerals
          with the command .STC .DISPLAY NUMBER RL.  
      6.  The  .STYLE  commands can be inserted into the .RNT file to con-
          trol the actual format of the final table.  By  doing  this  you
          can  vary  the  spacing between the entries, the spacing between
          items in the entries, the capitalization of  the  header  levels
          and so on.  
      7.  .INDENT   LEVELS   can  be  used  to  change  the  HEADER  LEVEL
          indentation.  
      8.  A foreword or preface can be inserted into the table of contents
          file by .STC .REQUIRE "PREFACE".   The  same  numbering  as  the
          table of contents will be used.  You may wish to .END TOC at the
          beginning of the PREFACE.RNO file if the preface  contains  sec-
          tion headers.  

3 FIGURES

                                  FIGURES

 Separate  tables of contents can be generated for figures and tables.  To
 do this, use the .SEND PAGE TOC to send the  figure  names  to  the  .RNT
 file,  specifying  n=1  for figures, n=2 for tables.  For example, assume
 you are creating a document called BUILDING for which you want a separate
 TOC  of  figures.   At  the  beginning  of  the BUILDING.RNO file use the
 commands:  
      .SEND TOC .IF TOC0 .DUNC 
      .SEND TOC .ENDIF TOC0 
 And at the end of BUILDING.RNO:  
      .SEND TOC .EUNC 
 To send a figure title to a separate TOC you could use a command such as 
      .SEND PAGE TOC 1;Figure 5 - TOP VIEW OF BUILDING 
 Then  create  the  following  .RNO  file  that  requires 3 passes through
 BUILDING.RNT:  
      .REQ "BUILDING.RNT"
      .VARIANT TOC0
      .VARIANT TOC1 .PAGE .C;FIGURES
      .REQ "BUILDING.RNT"
      .NO VARIANT TOC1 .VARIANT TOC2 .PAGE
      .C;TABLES
      .REQ "BUILDING.RNT"

 Up to 9 different tables of contents can be created in this fashion.
2  EQUATIONS

 An equation formatting routine designed to format multiple nested fractions
 has been added to RUNOFF (not available in DSR).  To use this facility, the
 equation flag must be enabled with the .FLAGS EQUATION command.  Braces { }
 are used as flags to describe how an equation is to  be  formatted.   If  a
 brace  must  appear in the text of the equation, it must be preceded by the
 underscore _.  Subscripts or superscripts are handled properly  in  format-
 ting  fractions,  but  you may wish to add extra space between the fraction
 line and the numerator or denominator.  This can be done with  the  command
 .ENABLE  EQUATION  1  to add 1/2 line, or .ENABLE EQUATION 2 to add 1 whole
 line.  

 Fractions are formatted in the following manner:  express the fraction as 
           {NUMERATOR}/{DENOMINATOR} 
 and RUNOFF will output:  
            NUMERATOR
           ___________
           DENOMINATOR
3 NOTE

 Some  operating systems modify text before sending it to the output file.
 In particular, VMS swallows some backspaces!  This  can  cause  equations
 not to appear properly.  If you are having problems formatting equations,
 try having RUNOFF send the output directly to your  terminal  or  to  the
 printer rather than to a file.  
3 FEATURES

 Inside an equation, the following features are disabled:  
      1.  Underline flags 
      2.  Fill 
      3.  Underlining 
      4.  Break flags - No break is caused;  the line is continued.  
      5.  Hyphenation - Hyphenation flags can be used to continue a line. 
      6.  Autobreak 
      7.  Tabs 

 If an equation will not fit on a single line, it will be continued on the
 next line.  
3 NESTING

 Fractions can be nested inside each other.  
      For example {{A}/{B} + {C}/{D}}/{DENOMINATOR}.  
      A/B and C/D are both nested to the second level.  
 The  maximum  nesting  is about 6 deep.  If the nesting is all in numera-
 tors, then it is limited to a depth of 12.  If it is all in denominators,
 it is limited to a depth of 6.  

      Example of 4 levels of nesting in numerators:  
      {1+{2+{3+{4}/{D}}/{C}}/{B}}/{A} 
      Example of 6 levels of nesting in denominators:  

      {1}/{A+ {2}/{B+{3}/{C+{4}/{D+{5}/{E+{6}/{F}}}}}} 
3 SPACING

 Spaces  or  tabs  can  be freely used between numerators and denominators
 outside the braces for clarity;   they  will  not  appear  in  the  final
 output.   For example, {A}/{B} will format the same as {A} / {B}.  In ad-
 dition, tabs and spaces are  treated  as  non-expandable  spaces.   As  a
 result,  fractions  are  never expanded to right justify the text.  If an
 equation is imbedded inside a normal line of text and  FILL  is  enabled,
 only  the  text outside the equation is filled.  The commands .CENTER and
 .RIGHT will center or right justify equations.  In addition, centered and
 right justified tab stops can be used to line up equations.  
3 VERTICAL_SPACING

 If  a  fraction  occupies  too  much space to fit within the current line
 spacing, the .SEPARATED FRACTION command can  be  used  to  automatically
 generate  enough  space to separate fractions.  If you prefer to manually
 adjust the spacing, then the .FIGURE command should be used.  

 You  may wish to put equation numbers along the right margin opposite the
 equation.  This can be done by by resetting the tab  stops,  and  setting
 tab right.  A single tab should precede the number to be justified.  
 The following example shows the commands necessary to do this:  
      .TAB STOPS .TAB RIGHT 
      {A + B}/{C + D}               eq._#5 
                              Is printed as:
      A + B 
      _____                                                          eq.#5 
      C + D 

3 WARNING


                                  WARNING

      A  fraction cannot be split between 2 lines.  If a fraction im-
      bedded in text is too big to fit on the  current  line,  it  is
      moved down to the next line.  If the fraction is still too big,
      then RUNOFF will try to break  it.   The  break  will  probably
      result in the error message:  
                  RNO -- Missing right brace in equation
      A string of other error messages will probably follow the first
      one and the output text will usually look  very  strange.   The
      extra  error  messages should be ignored.  The solution to this
      problem is to break the fraction up into 2 separate fractions. 


3 COMMANDS

 The commands used to control equation formatting are:  
      1.  .FLAGS EQUATION 
      2.  .NO FLAGS EQUATION 
      3.  .ENABLE EQUATION n 
      4.  .DISABLE EQUATION 
      5.  .SEPARATED EQUATION 
      6.  .END SEPARATED EQUATION 



                                   NOTE

      The  equation  formatting  routine will only work properly with
      word processing style hard copy printers that  support  sub/su-
      perscript  escape sequences and backspacing.  If the sub/super-
      scripting escape sequences are not the same as used  by  DIABLO
      printers,  they  must be defined first by the .DEFINE SUBSCRIPT
      and .DEFINE SUPERSCRIPT commands.  Care must also be taken with
      some  printers to see that the paper doesn't slip, as this will
      produce unacceptable output.  If the top margin  is  not  large
      enough,   equations   inside  titles  or  subtitles  can  cause
      problems.  


2 SPECIAL_CHARACTERS
3 FLAGS
                              Flag characters

 Below  is  a list of RUNOFF's flag characters.  To cause a flag to appear
 in the text as a normal character, it must be preceded by the  underscore
 character "_" (itself a special character).  Since the special characters
 can be changed by the .FLAGS commands, this list may  not  represent  the
 actual usage for your document.  

   ^ UPPERCASE the next character, or LOCK a function.
       ^^ No case conversion.
   \ LOWERCASE the next character, or UNLOCK a function.
       \\ Lowercase all text.
   < CAPITALIZE word. *
       ^< capitalize all text. *
   # SPACE character (non expandable or quoted space).
   = HYPHENATE specification, or continue mark. *
   & UNDERLINE the following character (also "^&,/&").
   _ ACCEPT the following character.
   % OVERSTRIKE the previous character by the next character. *
   $ SUBSTITUTE defined text for abbreviation. *
   > INDEX/SUBINDEX flags. *
   | BREAK text with no spaces, or continue. *
   + PERIOD will add extra space if followed by space. *
   { EQUATION flag  1. * (Not in DSR)
   } EQUATION flag  2. * (Not in DSR)
   "tab" TAB flag character causes tabulation. (Not a flag in DSR)
 * Only becomes a special character if the FLAG is engaged.
3  PUNCTUATION


                           Terminal punctuation

                               .  :  ;  ?  !

 These  characters, if followed by a separator (space or tab), will appear
 in the output with 1 extra space after them.   This  feature  works  only
 when both .FILL and .PERIOD are engaged.  These characters can be changed
 with the .PERIOD command.  


                             Valid punctuation

                              / \ . , " ( ) @

 These   characters   are   valid   in   a  hyphenated  word.   Any  other
 non-alphabetic character will prevent autohyphenation.  These  characters
 can be changed by the .AUTOHYPHENATE command.  
2 LIST_OF_COMMANDS
 * Indicates the command causes a line BREAK.
 $ Indicates a command forbidden during a FOOTNOTE.
 D Indicates the default setting
 ~ Indicates not available in DSR
      Type A to see all commands beginning with A...

3  A
 Command -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - Abbreviation -  Opt.
 -------                                    ------------    ----

 APPENDIX [;][title] -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - AX  -  -  -  -  *$
      Start an appendix
 AUTOBREAK ["chars"] -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - AB  -  -  -  -   $ ~
      The characters may cause a line break
 AUTOHYPHENATE [n1,...n4][,"chars"] -  -  - AH  -  -  -  -   $D~
      (n1=size, n2=begin, n3=end, n4=mode)
      Enable automatic hyphenation "chars" are allowed in hyphenated word
      until NO AUTOHYPHENATE
 AUTOPARAGRAPH -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - AP  -  -  -  -   $
      Begin paragraphs for lines with leading spaces, tabs, or blank lines
      until NO AUTOPARAGRAPH
 AUTOSUBTITLE  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - AST -  -  -  -   $
      Subtitle is same as current section (header level) until NO AUTOSUB-
      TITLE
 AUTOTABLE  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - AT
      Enable automatic table format until NO AUTOTABLE
 AUTOTITLE  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - ATI -  -  -  -   $D~
      Enable title is same as current chapter/appendix
3  B
 Command -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - Abbreviation -  Opt.
 -------                                    ------------    ----

 BEGIN BAR  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - BB  -  -  -  -  
      Left hand margin will have a bar in it until .END BAR
 BLANK [-space]   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - B   -  -  -  -  *
      Skip lines independently from spacing, except at top of page.
 BREAK   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - BR  -  -  -  -  *
      Start a new line
 BREAK LINE -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - BRL -  -  -  -  *
      Break at end of next line.
3  C
 Command -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - Abbreviation -  Opt.
 -------                                    ------------    ----

 CENTER [LINE][+-n]  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - C [LINE]  -  -  *
      Center 1 line
 CENTER TEXT [+-n]   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - C TEXT -  -  -  *  ~
      Center a section until END CENTER
 CENTRE [+-n]  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - C   -  -  -  -  *
 CHAPTER [;][title]  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - CH  -  -  -  -  *$
      Start a chapter
 CHAPTER LAYOUT [code][,spacing] -  -  -  - CHLO   -  -  -   $ ~
      Change the layout of first page of chapter
 COMMENT [comment text] -  -  -  -  -  -  - ;   -  -  -  -  
                                       -  - !
      The comment is not included in the output
3  D
 Command -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - Abbreviation -  Opt.
 -------                                    ------------    ----

 DEFINE - Defines a command or macro
    COMMAND /command/text  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -   $ ~
      Define a new command
    ESCAPE escape definition  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -   $ ~
      Define special characters to output control codes.
    ITEM /label/ [format],[+-n]  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -     ~
      The label is a number to appear in text
    SUBSTITUTE /label/text -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -   $ ~
      Set up text to be substituted for label
 DEFINE NUMBER - Defines a substitution label for a current "number"
    APPENDIX /label/ -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -     ~
    CHAPTER /label/  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -     ~
    ITEM /item/ /label/ -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -     ~
    LEVEL /label/ -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -     ~
    LIST /label/  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -     ~
    PAGE /label/  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -     ~

    SUBSCRIPT escape def   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -     ~
      Define subscript for equation formatting
    SUPERSCRIPT escape def -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -     ~
      Define superscript for equation formatting
    VARIABLE SPACE escape def -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -     ~
      Define how to do variable spacing
 DELETE INDEX "entry"   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -     ~
      Remove an entry from index table
 DELETE SUBSTITUTE /label/ -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -     ~
      Remove a substitution label from table of subst.

 DISABLE - Turns off features turned on by .ENABLE
    BAR  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - DBB -  -  -  -    D
    ESCAPE  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - DES -  -  -  -     ~
    COMMAND REPLACEMENT -  -  -  -  -  -  - $D~
    EQUATION   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - DEQ -  -  -  -     ~
    FLAGS [flag]  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - DFL -  -  -  -    D~
    HYPHENATION   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - DHY -  -  -  -  
    INDEXING   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - DIX -  -  -  -  
    NUMBERING  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - DNMPG  -  -  -   $ ~
    NUMBERING CHAPTER   -  -  -  -  -  -  - DNMCH  -  -  -   $ ~
    ODD  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - DOD -  -  -  -    D~
    SUBSTITUTION  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - DSST   -  -  -  
    PAGING  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - DPAG   -  -  -     ~
    TABS -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - DTB -  -  -  -     ~
    TOC  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - DTC -  -  -  -  
 DISBLE TRAILING ZERO   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  $ ~
    OVERSTRIKING  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - DOV -  -  -  -  
    UNCONDITIONAL -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - DUNC   -  -  -  *$ ~
    UNDERLINING   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - DUL -  -  -  -  

 DISPLAY - Change format of specified number
      (form = D,LU,LL,LM,RU,RL,RM)
    APPENDIX ["pre",][form][,"post"]   -  - DAX -  -  -  -  *$
    CHAPTER ["pre",][form][,"post"] -  -  - DCH -  -  -  -  *$
    ELEMENTS ["pre",][form][,"post"]   -  - DLE -  -  -  -  *$
    LEVELS [f1],...[f6] -  -  -  -  -  -  - DHL -  -  -  -  *$
    LEVELS [level,]["pre",][format,]["post"] -  -  -  -  -  *  ~
    NUMBER ["pre",][form][,"post"]  -  -  - DNM -  -  -  -  *$
    SUBPAGE [form]   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - DSP -  -  -  -  *$
    SUBTITLE ["pre"],["post"] -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -     ~
    TITLE ["pre"],["post"] -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -     ~
    TOC PAGE ["pre"],["post"] -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -     ~

 DO INDEX [title] -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - DX  -  -  -  -  *$
      Print the index as an appendix
3  E
 Command -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - Abbreviation -  Opt.
 -------                                    ------------    ----

 ELLIPSES   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - ELL -  -  -  -   $ ~
      Unspecified tabs are converted to ellipses
 ELSE aaaa
      Follows IF aaaa command
 ENABLE - Enables features turned off by disable
    BAR n1,n2  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - EBB -  -  -  -    D
      Allow change bars in left margin n1,n2 are spaces before, after bar
    COMMAND REPLACEMENT -  -  -  -  -  -  - $ ~
      Allow user commands to replace permanent commands
    ESCAPE  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - ESC -  -  -  -    D~
      Allow control code output
    FLAGS [flag]  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - EFL -  -  -  -    D~
      Allow specified flag to be used
    EQUATION n -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - EEQ -  -  -  -    D~
      Allow equation formatting
    HYPHENATION   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - EHY -  -  -  -    D
      Allow hyphenation
    INDEXING   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - EIX -  -  -  -    D
      Entries will be made in index table
    LEVELS [+-out],[+-toc] -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -   $ ~
      Enables header levels for output and table of contents
    NUMBERING  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - ENMPG  -  -  -   $ ~
      Page numbers are produced
    NUMBERING CHAPTER   -  -  -  -  -  -  - ENMCH  -  -  -   $ ~
      Page numbers include chapter number (1-2)
    ODD  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - EOD -  -  -  -     ~
      Chapters start only on odd page numbers
    PAGING  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - EPAG   -  -  -    D~
      Pages are formatted
    TABS -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - ETB -  -  -  -    D~
      Tabs are converted to multiple spaces
    TOC  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - ETC -  -  -  -    D
      Entries are made in table of contents file
    TRAILING ZERO -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  $D~
      Enable trailin zero for header level 1 (1.0...)
    OVERSTRIKING  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - EOV -  -  -  -    D
      The overstrike flag is obeyed
    SUBSTITUTION  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - ESST   -  -  -    D
      Text may be substituted for a defined label
    UNCONDITIONAL -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - ENUNC  -  -  -  *$D~
      Unconditional commands are obeyed and text is output
    UNDERLINING   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - EUL -  -  -  -    D
      Text may be underlined

 END - Ends a feature
    BAR  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - EB  -  -  -  -  
    CENTER  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - ECN -  -  -  -     ~
    FOOTNOTE   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - EFN -  -  -  -  
    IF aaaa
    LIST [space]  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - ELS -  -  -  -  *$
    LITERAL -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - EL  -  -  -  -  *$
    NOTE -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - EN  -  -  -  -  *$
    RIGHT   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - ER  -  -  -  -  *  ~
    SEPARATED EQUATION  -  -  -  -  -  -  - ESEQ   -  -  -    D~
    SUBPAGE -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - ES  -  -  -  -  *$
    TEXT -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - ETX -  -  -  -  *$ ~

 ENTRY index term -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - Y   -  -  -  -  
      Defines index term without page number
3  F
 Command -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - Abbreviation -  Opt.
 -------                                    ------------    ----

 FIGURE [space]   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - FG  -  -  -  -  *$
      Skips lines independently of spacing.  Works at top of page.
 FIGURE DEFERRED [space]   -  -  -  -  -  - FGD -  -  -  -  *$
      Skips lines independently of spacing, where space permits.
 FILL    -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - F   -  -  -  -    D
      Starts fill mode until NO FILL (normal mode of usage)
 FIRST TITLE   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - FT  -  -  -  -   $
      Defines title to appear on all pages including first.

 FLAGS - Turns on and defines a special character to do something.
    ACCEPT [new flag]   -  -  -  -  -  -  - FL ACCEPT -  -   $D
    [ALL]   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - FL [ALL]  -  -   $
    BREAK [new flag] -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - FL BREAK  -  -   $
    CAPITALIZE [new flag]  -  -  -  -  -  - FL CAPITALIZE    $
    CONTROL [new flag]  -  -  -  -  -  -  - FL CONTROL   -   $D
    ESCAPE [new flag]   -  -  -  -  -  -  - FL ESCAPE -  -   $ ~
    EQUATION   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - FL EQUATION  -     ~
    HYPHENATE [new flag]   -  -  -  -  -  - FL HYPHENATE -   $
    INDEX [new flag] -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - FL INDEX  -  -   $
    PERIOD [new flag]   -  -  -  -  -  -  - FL PERIOD -  -  $
    LOWERCASE [new flag]   -  -  -  -  -  - FL LOWERCASE -   $D
    OVERSTRIKE [new flag]  -  -  -  -  -  - FL OVERSTRIKE    $
    SUBINDEX [new flag] -  -  -  -  -  -  - FL SUBINDEX  -   $
    SUBSTITUTE [new flag]  -  -  -  -  -  - FL SUBSTITUTE    $
    TAB [new flag]   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - FL TAB -  -  -   $ ~
    UNDERLINE [new flag]   -  -  -  -  -  - FL UNDERLINE -   $D
    UPPERCASE [new flag]   -  -  -  -  -  - FL UPPERCASE -   $D

 FLUSH   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  *  ~
      Flushes out all deferred text
 FOOTNOTE   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - FN  -  -  -  -   $
      Start a footnote until END FOOTNOTE
3  H
 Command -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - Abbreviation -  Opt.
 -------                                    ------------    ----

 HALF SPACING [spacing] -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -     ~
      Enable and define half spacing
 HEADERS [on]  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - HD [on]   -  -   $D
      Enable output of headers (title/subtitle) at top of page
 HEADER LEVEL [+-level][;][title]   -  -  - HL  -  -  -  -  *$
      Starts a numbered section in document
 HEADERS LOWER -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -   $
 HEADERS MIXED -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -   $D
 HEADERS NO PAGE  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -   $ ~
 HEADERS PAGE  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -   $D~
 HEADERS SPACING [spacing] -  -  -  -  -  - HDSP   -  -  -     ~
      Sets spacing between title and first line of text.
 HEADERS UPPER -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -   $
3  I
 Command -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - Abbreviation -  Opt.
 -------                                    ------------    ----

 IF aaaa [bbbb]...
      Text following is output if aaaa is "true" until ELSE or ENDIF
 IF NOT aaaa [bbbb]...
      Text following is not output if aaa is "false"until ELSE or ENDIF
 IMMEDIATE IF aaaa   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - IIF -  -  -  -     ~
      Rest of line ignored if aaaa is false
 IMMEDIATE IF NOT aaaa  -  -  -  -  -  -  - IIFNOT -  -  -     ~
      Rest of line ignored if aaaa is true
 IMMEDIATE TEST PAGE [n]   -  -  -  -  -  - ITP -  -  -  -   $ ~
      Starts new page if fewer than n line remain on page
 IMMEDIATE TEST TEXT [n]   -  -  -  -  -  - ITT -  -  -  -   $ ~
      Starts new page if fewer than n lines of text can be put on page
 INDENT [-spaces] -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - I   -  -  -  -  *
      Indent line from left margin
 INDENT LEVELS [-l],[-r]   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -   $ ~
      Secify left, right indentation for header levels (sections)
 INDEX entry   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - X   -  -  -  -  
      Specify term to be indexed with page number
3  J
 Command -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - Abbreviation -  Opt.
 -------                                    ------------    ----

 JUSTIFY -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - J   -  -  -  -    D
      Output text is left and right justified
3  K
 Command -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - Abbreviation -  Opt.
 -------                                    ------------    ----

 KEEP [LINES]  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - K   -  -  -  -  
      Blank lines in input also appear in output in NO FILL mode
 KEEP TABS  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -     ~
      Tabs at beginning of lines are kept and not removed in FILL mode
3  L
 Command -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - Abbreviation -  Opt.
 -------                                    ------------    ----

 LAYOUT [code] [,spacing]  -  -  -  -  -  - LO  -  -  -  -  *$
      Change overall page layout of title/subtite and page number
      (0=all at top 1-15=Header top,number bottom)
      ( 1=C,C    2=LR,C  3=L,C   4=L,R  5=C,R   6=C,LR)
      ( 7=LR,LR  8=L,LR  9=LR,R 10=C,L 11=LR,L 12=L,L)
      (13=R,L   14=R,C  15=R,LR 16=R,R)
 LEFT MARGIN [+-n]   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - LM  -  -  -  -  *
      Sets the left margin
 LIST [lines] ["string"]   -  -  -  -  -  - LS  -  -  -  -  *$
      Begin a numbered list of items separated by blank lines until end
      list
 LIST ELEMENT [;]text   -  -  -  -  -  -  - LE  -  -  -  -  *$
      Print current number in list
 LITERAL -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - LT  -  -  -  -  *
      Text following this command appears in output exactly as typed until
      END LITERAL
 LOCK -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -   $ ~
      Lock some parameters so they can not be changed
 LOWER CASE -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - LC  -  -  -  -  
      All text will be in same case as input
3  N
 Command -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - Abbreviation -  Opt.
 -------                                    ------------    ----

 NO - turns off selected features
    AUTOBREAK ["chars"] -  -  -  -  -  -  - NAB -  -  -  -   $D~
    AUTOHYPHENATE "chars"  -  -  -  -  -  - NAH -  -  -  -   $
    AUTOPARAGRAPH -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - NAP -  -  -  -   $D
    AUTOSUBTITLE  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - NAST   -  -  -   $D
    AUTOTABLE  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - NAT
    AUTOTITLE  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - NATI   -  -  -   $ ~
    ELLIPSES   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - NELL   -  -  -   $D~
    FILL -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - NF  -  -  -  -  *
    FLAGS [flag name]   -  -  -  -  -  -  - NFL -  -  -  -   $
    HALF SPACING  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -    D~
    HEADERS [on]  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - NHD
    JUSTIFY -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - NJ  -  -  -  -  
    KEEP -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - NK  -  -  -  -    D
    NUMBER  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - NNM -  -  -  -   $
    NUMBER CHAPTER   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -   $ ~
    PAGING  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - NPA -  -  -  -   $
    PERIOD ["chars"] -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - NPR
    SPACE   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - NSP -  -  -  -  
    TITLE   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -   $ ~
    UNDERLINE "characters" -  -  -  -  -  - NUN -  -  -  -     ~
    VARIANT aaaa [bbbb]... -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -     ~

 NOTE [;title] -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - N   -  -  -  -  *$
      Starts an indented note until END NOTE

 NUMBER - Sets the new number
    APPENDIX [+-n]   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - NMAX   -  -  -   $
    CHAPTER [+-n] -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - NMCH   -  -  -   $D
    ITEM [+-n] -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - NMIT   -  -  -     ~
    LEVEL [+-n1],....,[+-n6]  -  -  -  -  - NMLV   -  -  -   $
    LIST [+-n] -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - NPLS   -  -  -   $
    [PAGE] [+-n]  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - NMPG   -  -  -   $D
    SUBPAGE [+-n] -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - NMSPG  -  -  -   $
3  P
 Command -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - Abbreviation -  Opt.
 -------                                    ------------    ----

 PAGE -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - PG  -  -  -  -  *$
      Starts a new page if paging enabled
 PAGE EVEN  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - PGE -  -  -  -  *$ ~
      Starts a new even numbered page
 PAGE ODD   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - PGO -  -  -  -  *$ ~
      Starts a new odd numbered page
 PAGE SIZE [+-h],[+-w],[+-l],[+-t],[s] -  - PS  -  -  -  -   $
      Sets page size, permanent margins, sets PAGING
 PAGING  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - PA  -  -  -  -  * D
      Text will be divided into pages
 PAPER SIZE    -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - PS  -  -  -  -   $
      Synonym for page size
 PARAGRAPH [-n],[v],[t],[b]   -  -  -  -  - P   -  -  -  -  *
      Starts a new paragraph until command causing break
      (n=indent, v=skip, t=test, b=bottom test)
 PERIOD "characters" -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - PR  -  -  -  -   $D
      Enables specified characters to end sentence (produce 2 spaces)
 PERMANENT FOOTNOTE  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - PFN -  -  -  -   $ ~
      Starts a section of text to begin each footnote until END FOOTNOTE
 PRINT INDEX "entry" -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - PX  -  -  -  -  *$
      Prints the index and clear it
3  R
 Command -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - Abbreviation -  Opt.
 -------                                    ------------    ----

 RESET - Removes all entries in a table
    ESCAPE  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -   $ ~
    INDEX   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -     ~
    SUBSTITUTE -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -   $ ~

 RESTORE STATUS   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -     ~
      Restores status saved by SAVE STATUS
 REQUIRE 'file spec' -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - REQ -  -  -  -   $
      Input now is taken from specified file
 REQUIRE BINARY [spacing ]'file-spec'  -  - REQ BIN   -  -  *  ~
      The specified file is transferred to output file
 RIGHT [-indent]  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - R   -  -  -  -  *$
      Line is right but not left justified
 RIGHT MARGIN [+-n]  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - RM  -  -  -  -  *
      Set right margin
 RIGHT TEXT [-indent]   -  -  -  -  -  -  - R TEXT -  -  -  *  ~
      Section of text is right, but not left justified until END RIGHT
3  S
 Command -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - Abbreviation -  Opt.
 -------                                    ------------    ----

 SAVE - Saves the current status
    CHAPTER -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -     ~
      Current status is restored at each CHAPTER command
    HEADER  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -     ~
      Current status is restored at each page header
    LEVEL   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -     ~
      Current status is restored at each HEADER LEVEL command
    STATUS  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -     ~
      Current status is restored at each RESTORE command
 SEND PAGE TOC [n;]text -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -     ~
      Text followd by page number will appear in table of contents
 SEND TOC [;]text -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - STC -  -  -  -  
      Text will appear in table of contents
 SEPARATED EQUATION  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - SEQ -  -  -  -     ~
      Begins separated equation mode until END SEPARATED EQUATION
 SET LEVEL [+-n]  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - SL  -  -  -  -   
      Sets the level for the next .HL command.
 SET PARAGRAPH [-n],[v],[t],[b]  -  -  -  - STP -  -  -  -   $
      Sets paragraph params
      (n=indent, v=skip, t=test, b=bottom test)
 SETUP escape sequence  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -     ~
      Setup printer before text
 SKIP [lines]  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - S   -  -  -  -  *
      Skips lines depending on spacing except at top of page
 SPACING [s]   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - SP  -  -  -  -   $
      Sets line spacing
 STYLE CHAPTER [n1],...[n5]   -  -  -  -  - STCH   -  -  -   $ ~
      Changes style of first chapter page
      (1-3 = spacing, 4,5=indent (-1 centered,-2 right just)
 STYLE HEADERS [n1],...[n10]  -  -  -  -  - STHL   -  -  -  *$
      Changes style of header levels (sections)
      (line,CAPS,Cap,number,center,skip1,skip2,test,indent,[n.m])
 SUBPAGE -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - SPG -  -  -  -  *$
      Starts a subpage until END SUBPAGE
 SUBTITLE [subtitle] -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - ST  -  -  -  -   $
      Sets line of text to appear in subtitle
3  T
 Command -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - Abbreviation -  Opt.
 -------                                    ------------    ----

 TAB LEFT   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - TL  -  -  -  -   $D~
      Unspecified tabs left justify
 TAB PROPORTIONAL n,["ell"][R/C/L][+-n1],.. TABP   -  -  -   $ ~
      Sets up proportionally spaced tab stops
 TAB RIGHT  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - TR  -  -  -  -   $ ~
      Unspecified tabs right justify
 TAB STOPS ["ell"][R/C/L]+n1,... -  -  -  - TS  -  -  -  -   $
      Sets up ellipses, justification and location of tab stops
 TEST PAGE [n] -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - TP  -  -  -  -  *$
      Starts new page if fewer than n lines remain on this page
 TEST TEXT [n] -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - TT  -  -  -  -  *$ ~
      New page if fewer than n lines of text may be output on this page
 TEXT -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - TX  -  -  -  -  *$ ~
      Starts a block of text that may not be split between pages until
      TEXT, END TEXT, or PAGE
 TEXT DEFERRED -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - TXD -  -  -  -  *$ ~
      Starts a block of text to appear on a later page until TEXT, END
      TEXT, or PAGE
 TITLE [title] -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - T   -  -  -  -   $D
      Sets line of text to appear as page title
 TOP MARGIN [+-n] -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - TM  -  -  -  -  *$ ~
      Sets top margin for the next page
3  U 
 Command -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - Abbreviation -  Opt.
 -------                                    ------------    ----

 UNDERLINE "characters" -  -  -  -  -  -  - UN  -  -  -  -     ~
      The specified characters may be underlined
 UNDERLINE SPACES -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -     ~
      Spaces may be underlined
 UNDERLINE NO SPACES -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -    D~
      Disables underlining of spaces
 UPPER CASE -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - UC  -  -  -  -    D
      All text will be output in upper case

3  V
 Command -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - Abbreviation -  Opt.
 -------                                    ------------    ----

 VARIABLE SPACING -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - VARSP  -  -  -  *  ~
      Enable variable spacing
 VARIANT aaaa  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -     ~
      Sets aaaa to be true until NO VARIANT
2  ERRORS
 RUNOFF produces error messages in the following format: 

                 RNO -- error message 

 Most  of  the  error  messages are self-explanatory.  In some cases, RUNOFF
 prints the line in which the error has occured, so that the user  can  exa-
 mine  the  problem  and  correct it.  Following the source line is the line
 number and file name in which that source line appears.  If the  error  oc-
 cured  in a substitution, the substitution label is printed followed by the
 section in error inside brackets.  

 FOR FURTHER HELP TYPE:  the first word in the error message.  
3 BAD

 *  RNO -- Bad parameters 

 A command parameter is not "correct".  The command listed is listed up to
 the point where the bad parameter appears.  An example of a bad parameter
 would be .INDENT 25 when you only have 20 characters per line.  (Remember
 that the minimum number of characters per line  is  16  and  the  minimum
 number of lines/page is also 16.) The following is a partial list of com-
 mands that generate this error:  
 (A)  .DEFINE ESCAPE when input is not decimal or literal.  
 (B)  .DEFINE  SUBSTITUTE  without  delimiters  around  the label, or with
     blanks or tabs in the label.  
 (C)  .DISPLAY with a format that is not one of the following:  
          D, LU, LL, LM, RU, RL, or RM.  
 (D)  Commands  that  take  literals  as  input when the apostrophe (') or
     quotes (") are missing.  
 (E)  Commands  with input numbers that are too big or too small.  For ex-
     ample, .HEADER LEVEL 7 is nonsensical and is flagged as an error.  
3 CAN

 *  RNO -- Can't indent list element 

 The  user has nested lists that cause RNO to attempt indenting beyond the
 right margin.  

 *  RNO -- Can't justify line:  

 A line of text was found containing no spaces (other than quoted spaces),
 so the line could not be justified.  

 *  RNO -- Can't reduce margins 

 A .NOTE command occured after the margins were set to values that prevent
 the .NOTE command from reducing margins by 5.  The margins cannot be  re-
 duced to less than 16 characters/line.  
3 CHARACTER

 *  RNO -- Character already defined as flag 

 In attempting to enable a character as a flag, it was discovered that the
 same character is already being used for another flag.  You should decide
 which flag you want and either disable the previous flag with a .NO FLAGS
 command, or use a different character for the second flag.  

 *  RNO -- Character specified is not special flag 

 In  attempting  to  disable an individual special flag, it was found that
 the flag character was not previously defined as  a  special  flag  in  a
 .FLAGS SPECIAL command.  
3 COMMAND

 *  RNO -- Command string syntax error 

 The  command string cannot be deciphered.  The general form of the RUNOFF
 command string is:  
      Documentfile,Tocfile=Inputfile/Options 
 The  Options  or  the Tocfile can be omitted, but the other items must be
 specified.  See the COMMAND STRING section.  

 *  RNO -- Command illegal inside user defined command 

 The  IF/IFNOT/ELSE  and ENDIF commands cannot be used inside user defined
 commands.  
3 CONFLICT

 *  RNO -- Conflicting command 

 The indicated command conflicts with a previous command.  Some possibili-
 ties are:  
 (A)  The current command is .RIGHT, but a .CENTER has also been specified
     for the current line.  
 (B)  The  current  command  is .CENTER, but .RIGHT or .INDENT has already
     been specified.  
 (C)  The current command is .INDENT, but .RIGHT has been specified.  
3 DEFERRED

 *  RNO -- Deferred page overflow 

 The number of lines of text after the .TEXT DEFERRED command take up more
 space than is available on a page.  You must either reduce the amount  of
 text or increase the page size.  This error will also occur if you forget
 to end the section of text with either .END TEXT, .TEXT, .TEXT  DEFERRED,
 or .PAGE.  
3 DEFINITION

 *  RNO -- Definition too long 

 The definition of subscripts, superscripts must not exceed 40 numbers and
 characters.  The definition  of  variable  spacing  must  not  exceed  20
 numbers and characters.  
3 EXTRANEOUS

 *  RNO -- Extraneous chars after legal command 

 One or more extraneous characters appear after a legal command and before
 the next command.  These are either typographical errors or you used  the
 command improperly.  The command is executed in either case.  
3 IF

 *  RNO -- IF - too many nestings 

 Nesting of more than 31 IF statements was attempted.  The maximum nesting
 depth is 31.  
3 ILLEGAL

 *  RNO -- Illegal command 

 This  message  encompasses  a  large range of errors.  The following is a
 partial list of commands that will generate this message:  
 (A)  .END FOOTNOTE, if no .FOOTNOTE command precedes it.  
 (B)  .END  LIST,  if  no  .LIST command precedes it, or if the spacing is
     greater than 5 or less than 0.  
 (C)  .END LITERAL, if no .LITERAL command precedes it.  
 (D)  .END NOTE, if no .NOTE command precedes it.  

 *  RNO -- Illegal command after .LOCK command 

 You  used  .LOCK  at the head of the document and subsequent illegal com-
 mands were encountered.  You can probably ignore this  error  message  if
 your  document  is  satisfactory.  The inclusion of the .LOCK command was
 designed to exclude the statements that are now illegal.  

 *  RNO -- Illegal command after a .TEXT command 

 A text section was probably not ended with an .END TEXT command.  

 *  RNO -- Illegal command during footnote 

 An  .END FOOTNOTE statement is probably missing at the end of a footnote.
 Statements that change the  overall  page  format  are  forbidden  during
 footnotes.  

 *  RNO -- Illegal command during note 

 A note is probably not ended with an .END NOTE command.  

 *  RNO -- Illegal command on subpage 

 A  .TEXT  DEFERRED, .PAGE EVEN, or .PAGE ODD command might have been used
 after a .SUBPAGE command, or a subpage was not ended with an .END SUBPAGE
 command.  

 *  RNO -- Illegal flag character 

 Only special characters can be used as flags.  They are:  
      ^ !  " # $ % & ' ( ) * = [ ] { } ~ + ` | < > ?  _ \ / , .  
 Numbers or letters cannot be used as flag characters.  
3 IMPROPERLY

 *  RNO -- Improperly nested IF, ENDIF, or ELSE 

 Either:  
 (A)  An  .ELSE  or  .ENDIF  was not preceded by an .IF or .IFNOT with the
     same label.  
 (B)  An  .ELSE  was  preceded by another .ELSE with the same label.  Only
     one .ELSE per .IF is allowed.  
 (C)  The  current .IF statement was preceded by another .IF with the same
     label.  Each .IF must be followed by an .ENDIF with the same label.  
 (D)  The  end of the document was reached and the .ENDIF corresponding to
     the current .IF was not found.  
3 INPUT

 *  RNO -- Input file error 

 A  read  error has occured on an input file.  One of the following condi-
 tions may exist:  
 (A)  The file contains a line of text with more than 512 characters.  You
     should edit the file and shorten all such long lines to less than 512
     characters.  
 (B)  A problem exists with a physical device (e.g.  device cycled down). 
 (C)  The file is corrupted, or the format is wrong.  
 (D)  The file is a nonsource file.  (Object file, etc.) 

 *  RNO -- Input file open error 

 The  file system, while attempting to open an input file, has detected an
 error.  One of the following conditions may exist:  
 (A)  The user directory file is protected against an open.  
 (B)  A problem exists with the physical device.  
 (C)  The volume is not mounted.  
 (D)  The specified file directory does not exist.  
 (E)  The file does not exist as specified.  

 *  RNO -- Input file specification error 

 An  error exists in the input file specification.  Correct the specifica-
 tion and re-enter the command.  
3 INSUFFICIENT

 *  RNO -- Insufficient dynamic memory 

 One of the following commands filled up the dynamic memory:  
 (A)  .FOOTNOTE 
 (B)  .TEXT 
 (C)  .DEFINE ESCAPE - permanent 
 (D)  .DEFINE Command - permanent 
 (E)  .DEFINE ITEM - permanent 
 (F)  .DEFINE SUBSTITUTE - permanent 
 (G)  .DEFINE NUMBER - permanent 
 (H)  .INDEX - permanent 
 (I)  .IF,.IFNOT,.VARIANT - permanent 
 All  IF  labels,index entries, escape sequences, and substitutions reduce
 dynamic memory permanently until the end of the current  document,  while
 footnotes  and .TEXT only use it temporarily.  If you define many substi-
 tutions or use .INDEX frequently, you must cut down on these  statements.
 If  the  error  occured  during  a  footnote or .TEXT, you can reduce the
 amount of text before the .END statement.   Instead  of  .TEXT  and  .END
 TEXT,  use  .TEST  PAGE  or  .TEST  TEXT.  If you are currently using the
 non-overlaid version of RUNOFF, switch to the overlaid version.  If using
 the  overlaid  version,  you should switch to a smaller overlaid version.
 On RT-11 try the virtual version.  This message is fatal, and you may not
 get any output if RUNOFF is in 2 pass mode.  
3 INTERNAL

 *  RNO -- Internal error - Contact your system manager 

 This  message  is  caused by an internal program error.  You should never
 get this message.  If you do, contact the system manager, unless you  are
 already  that  person.   This  error indicates that RUNOFF is not working
 properly and should be fixed.  It is also possible that you  have  had  a
 hardware  malfunction  if  the same version of RUNOFF used to work on the
 same identical text.  Identical means no changes at all!!  This is a  fa-
 tal message, and you may not get any output as a result.  
3 LITERAL

 *  RNO -- Literal or label too long 

 The  length of the literal or label exceeds the maximum allowed.  Several
 commands cause this error:  
 (A)  .IF commands - the maximum label is 40 characters.  
 (B)  .DEFINE commands - the maximum label is 40 characters.  
 (C)  .DISPLAY commands - the maximum literal length is 40 characters.  
 (D)  .DISPLAY ELEMENTS or .LIST command - the maximum literal length is 1
     character.  
3 MAXIMUM

 *  RNO -- Maximum list level exceeded 

 More  than  10  lists were attempted to be created.  That is, the command
 .LIST was issued more than 10 times without  any  .END  LIST  statements.
 Subsequent .LIST statements are ignored.  

 *  RNO -- Maximum subindex levels exceeded 

 An  attempt  was made to subindex more than 6 times.  The index terms are
 ignored.  You can only use the subindex flag 6  times  inside  an  .INDEX
 command.  
3 MISSING

 *  RNO -- Missing END FOOTNOTE 
 At the end of the document an END FOOTNOTE command is missing.  

 *  RNO -- Missing END LIST 
 At the end of the document one or more END LIST commands are missing.  

 *  RNO -- Missing END LITERAL 
 At the end of the document an END LITERAL command is missing.  

 *  RNO -- Missing END NOTE 
 At the end of the document an END NOTE command is missing.  

 *  RNO -- Missing END TEXT 
 At the end of the document an END TEXT command is missing.  

 *  RNO -- Missing parameter 

 The  command  requires  a  parameter.  Look up the command description to
 determine the missing parameter.  

 *  RNO -- Missing denominator in equation 

 At the end of the line, the end of a numerator was not found.  You forgot
 to:  
 (A)  close  the  numerator with a right brace }, and you did not supply a
     denominator, or 
 (B)  put  an  underscore "_" in front of a left brace "{" that you wanted
     to print.  

 *  RNO -- Missing right braces (}) in equation 

 One of the following errors have been made:  
 (A)  You  forgot to close a fraction with a right brace }.  The number of
     right braces must be the same as the number of  left  braces  in  all
     fractions.  
 (B)  The  fraction  was  too wide to fit on the current line and it over-
     flowed to the next one.  Normally this mistake will result in a whole
     string of error messages following the Missing right brace message.  
3 OUTPUT

 *  RNO -- Output file error 

 A  write error has occured on the output file.  One of the following con-
 ditions exists:  
 (A)  The device is full or is write protected.  
 (B)  The hardware has failed.  
 (C)  The user does not have write access privileges to the file.  

 *  RNO -- Output file open failure 

 The  file  system, while attempting to open the output file, has detected
 an error.  One of the following conditions may exist:  
 (A)  The user's directory file is protected against an open.  
 (B)  A problem exists with the physical device.  
 (C)  The volume is not mounted.  
 (D)  The specified file directory does not exist.  
 (E)  The device is full of write protected.  

 *  RNO -- Output file specification error 

 An error exists in the output file specification.  Correct the specifica-
 tion and re-enter the command.  
3 PERMANENT

 *  RNO -- Permanent footnote error 

 A  permanent  footnote was specified while a footnote was pending for the
 current output page.  You must specify the permanent footnote first.  

 *  RNO -- Permanent footnote too long 

 A  permanent footnote longer than 6 lines was specified.  The footnote is
 ignored.  
3 SUBSTITUTION

 *  RNO (WARNING) -- Substitution is not unique 

 The  substitution  has  been defined, but you might have trouble using it
 because it is not unique.  You have done one of the following:  
 (A)  The  label  is contained within an existing label.  For example, you
     defined the label "ABC" but you previously defined "ABCD".  
 (B)  The label contains a previously defined label.  For example, you at-
     tempted to define the  label  "Sigma",  but  you  previously  defined
     "Sig".  
 This message can be turn off by the /NOWR option.  
3 SYMBOL

 *  RNO -- Symbol already defined 

 One of the following errors occured:  
 (A)  .DEFINE ESCAPE - The escape sequence you are attempting to define is
     already defined.  Either change the sequence name, or .RESET ESCAPE. 
 (B)  .DEFINE  SUBSTITUTE  -  The  substitution  name  or abbreviation has
     already been defined.  You must change the name or .RESET SUBSTITUTE. 
3 SYNTAX

 *  RNO -- Syntax error in equation 

 An equation is incorrectly formatted.  Fractions are formatted as:  
      {Numerator}/{Denominator} 
 You have made one of the following mistakes:  
 (A)  There   are   extraneous   characters   between  the  numerator  and
     denominator.  For example, the following is an error:  }/Denominator 
 (B)  You  have  started  a  numerator or denominator with a right brace }
     when you should have used a left brace {.  
 (C)  You  have omitted the slash / between the numerator and denominator.
     The following expression is an example of this error:  
          {Numerator}{Denominator} 
 Many  times  this  error will be followed by other error messages.  These
 extra messages can probably be ignored.  Usually syntax errors will  also
 cause the Missing right braces message.  
3 TOO

 *  RNO -- Too many nested fractions 

 While  the  equation flag is engaged, an attempt was made to format frac-
 tions using the braces { } and too many fractions have been nested on top
 of one another.  For example, if you input the following expression:  
      {{A}/{B}}/{Denominator} 
 you have nested fractions up to a depth of 2.  When the nesting exceeds a
 depth of 6, the equation formatting may fail.  See the section  on  EQUA-
 TION FORMATTING.  

 *  RNO -- Too many nested .REQ 

 More  than  5 nested levels of .REQUIRE have been found.  This means that
 the original file contained a .REQ for a second file, which  contained  a
 .REQ for a third file, and so on.  When the .REQ for a sixth file was is-
 sued, it was ignored and this error message was issued.  To fix this  er-
 ror  you  must  rearrange  your  files to prevent more than 5 input files
 being in use at one time.  

 *  RNO -- Too many nested substitutions 

 More  than 3 levels of substitution have been attempted.  This means that
 the first substitution contained a second, the second contained  a  third
 and the third contained a fourth.  The fourth level is ignored.  

 *  RNO -- Too many tabs specified 

 The  maximum  number  of  tabs stops you may specify is 32.  Any more are
 ignored.  
3 UNDEFINED

 *  RNO -- Undefined escape seq.  

 An  escape  flag  or a special flag was used and the escape sequence cor-
 responding to the flag was not been defined.  You must define it with the
 .DEFINE ESCAPE command.  

 *  RNO -- Undefined substitution 

 (A)  The  substitution  flag  ($)  was followed by an unrecognized label.
     Either you made a typographical error in the label, or you wished  to
     print  the  substitute  flag  character  in  the  text, but forgot to
     precede it with an Accept flag character(_).  
 (B)  The item used in .NUMBER ITEM, .DISPLAY ITEM, or .DEFINE NUMBER ITEM
     is undefined.  You must define it via .DEFINE ITEM.  
3 UNRECOGNIZED

 *  RNO -- Unrecognized command 

 A  command  or  abbreviation  was probably misspelled.  Any input line is
 considered to begin with a command if the first character in column 1  is
 a  decimal  point.   If  you  wish to begin a line of text with a decimal
 point, insert a space before it to prevent it from being confused with  a
 command.  
2 AUTHOR


                               --- VMS/RSX ---
                                John Clement
                              T. W. Bonner Lab
                               Rice University
                                P.O. Box 1892
                             Houston, Tx, 77251
                           Tel (713) 527-8101x2037
                     Arpanet:  CLEMENT@PHYSICS.RICE.EDU
                     or:  @RICE.EDU:CLEMENT@PHYSICS.RICE.EDU
                            Bitnet:  BONNER@RICE

                                --- Rt-11 ---
                               Robert Walraven
                               Multiware, Inc.
                                437 F Street
                               Davis, CA 95616
