 LaTeX is documents.  You type in your text and some commands to say how you want it formatted, and LaTeX does the rest.
mmands to say how you

ant it formatted, and LaTeX does the rest.
 F
ormat:
LA
TEX [/qualifiers] input-file
2 
Commands
 A followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single
 of a \
 non-letter.  Arguments contained in square brackets [] are o while arguments contained in braces {} are required.
 are optional

hile arguments contained in braces {} are required.
 N unless explicitly directed to do otherwise.
mmands in lower case

nless explicitly directed to do otherwise.
3 
Counters
 E The name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment o command that produces the number, except with no \.  Below is a list

 of the counters used LaTeX's standard document styles to control
st
 numbering.
ers used LaTeX's standard document styles to control

umbering.
 p chapter         subparagraph    table           enumii
 section         page            footnote        enumiii
 subsection      equation        mpfootnote      enumiv

 subsubsection
 equation        mpfootnote      enumiv

ubsubsection

4 
\addtocounter
 \
addtocounter {counter} {value}
 T specified by the value argument.  The value argument can be nega
pecified by the value argument.  The value argument can be negative.
4 
\alph
 \
alph {counter}
 T alphabetic characters.  The \alph command causes lower case

 alphabetic characters, e.g.  a, b, c...  while the \Alph comm causes upper case alphabetic characters, e.g.  A, B, C...
mmand

auses upper case alphabetic characters, e.g.  A, B, C...
4 
\arabic
 \
arabic {counter}
 T arabic numbers, e.g.  3.
 the value of the counter to be printed in

rabic numbers, e.g.  3.
4 
\fnsymbol
 \
fnsymbol {counter}
 T in a specific sequence of nine symbols that can be used for numbering footnotes.
c sequence of nine symbols that can be used for numbering

ootnotes.
4 
\newcounter
 \
newcounter {foo} [counter]
 T optional argument [counter] causes the counter foo to be reset
 whenever the counter named in the optional argument is increment
henever the counter named in the optional argument is incremented.
4 
\roman
 \
roman {counter}
 T numerals.  The \roman command causes lower case roman numerals, e.g.
 i, ii, iii..., while the \Roman command causes upper case roman
.g.
 numerals, e.g.  I, II, III...
 command causes upper case roman

umerals, e.g.  I, II, III...
4 
\setcounter
 \
setcounter {counter} {value}
 T specified by the value argument.
alue of the counter to that

pecified by the value argument.
4 
\usecounter
 \
usecounter {counter}
 T environment to allow the counter specified to be used to number the
 list items.
o allow the counter specified to be used to number the

ist items.
4 
\value
 \
value {counter}
 T mandatory argument.  It can be used where LaTeX expects an integer  number, such as the second argument of a \setcounter or \addtocounter
 command, or in
the second argument of a \setcounter or \addtocounter

ommand, or in
 \
hspace{\value{foo}\parindent}
 I
t is useful for doing arithmetic with counters.
3 
Cross_References
 O refer the reader to them, as in "See Figure 3 for more details."

efer the reader to them, as in "See Figure 3 for more details."
4 
\label
 \
label{key}
 A number of the current sectional unit; one appearing inside a numbere environment assings that number to the key.
earing inside a numbered

nvironment assings that number to the key.
 A characters.  Upper- and lowercase letters are different.
unctuation

haracters.  Upper- and lowercase letters are different.
4 
\pageref
 \
pageref{key}
 T text where the corresponding \label command appears.
lace in the

ext where the corresponding \label command appears.
4 
\ref
 \
ref{key}
 T number, ...  of the corresponding \label command.
al unit, equation

umber, ...  of the corresponding \label command.
3 
Definitions

4 
\newcommand
 \ \renewcommand{cmd}[args]{def}
renewcommand{cmd}[args]{def}
 T
hese commands define (or redefine) a command.
       not be already defined and must not begin with \end; for
it must
     \renewcommand it must already be defined.
ith \end; for

   \renewcommand it must already be defined.
       the command being defined.  The default is for the command to
of
     have no arguments.
fined.  The default is for the command to

   have no arguments.
       parameter of the form  n in cmd is replaced by the text of the

     nth argument when this substitution takes place.
 text of the

   nth argument when this substitution takes place.

4 
\newenvironment
 \ \renewenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef}
renewenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef}
 T
hese commands define or redefine an environment.
       must be no currently defined environment by that name, and the
     command \nam must be undefined.  For \renewenvironment the
he
     environment must already be defined.
renewenvironment the

   environment must already be defined.
       the newly-defined environment.  The default is no arguments.
 of

   the newly-defined environment.  The default is no arguments.
       \begin{name}; a parameter of the form  n in cmd is repl     the text of the nth argument when this substitution takes place.
   the text of the nth argument when this substitution takes place.
       It may notcontain any argument parameters.
rrence of \end{nam}.

   It may notcontain any argument parameters.

4 
\newtheorem
 \ \newtheorem{env_name}[numbered_like]{cap
newtheorem{env_name}[numbered_like]{caption}
 T
his command defines a theorem-like environment.
       Must not be the name of an existing environment or counter.
.

   Must not be the name of an existing environment or counter.
       right before the number.
 at the beginning of the environment,

   right before the number.
       sectional unit.  Provides a means of resetting the new theorem
     counter within the sectional unit.
 resetting the new theorem

   counter within the sectional unit.
       environment.
  The name of an already defined theorem-like

   environment.

 T
he \newtheorem command may have at most one optional argument.
4 
\newfont
 \
newfont{cmd}{font_name}
 D be a declaration that selects the font named font_name to be the
 to
 current font.
n that selects the font named font_name to be the

urrent font.
3 
Document_Styles
 V
alid LaTeX document styles include:
  
o  article
  
o  report
  
o  memo
  
o  letter
  
o  milstd
  
o  bookform

 T
hey are selected with the following command:
 \
documentstyle [options] {style}
 T
he options for the different styles are:
 1     acm
le:  11pt, 12pt, twoside, twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno,

   acm
 2
.  report:  11pt, 12pt, twoside, twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno, acm
 3
.  letter:  11pt, 12pt, fleqn, leqno, acm
 4
.  memo:  11pt, 12pt, twoside,twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno
 5
.  milstd:  11pt, 12pt, twoside,twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno
 6
.  bookform:  11pt, 12pt, twoside,twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno

 I comma.
pecify more than one option, they must be separated by a

omma.
4 
\flushbottom
 T adding extra veritcal space when necessary to fill out the page.


dding extra veritcal space when necessary to fill out the page.
4 
\onecolumn
 T single-column output.
ion starts a new page and produces

ingle-column output.
4 
\raggedbottom
 T on that page.  No extra vertical space is added.
height of the text

n that page.  No extra vertical space is added.
4 
\twocolumn
 T output.
olumn declaration starts a new page and produces two-column

utput.
3  LaTeX provides  Each environment begins and ends in the same manner.
environments.

ach environment begins and ends in the same manner.
          .
gin{environment-name}
        .
        .
        \en
      \end{environment-name}
4 
array
 \ column 1 entry & column 2 entry  .
umn 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
 .
 .
 \en
end{array}
 M mandatory argument describing the number of columns and the alignment
 within them.  Each column, coln, is specified by a single letter that
 tells how items in that row should be formatted.
 single letter that

ells how items in that row should be formatted.
  
-  c for centered
  
-  l for flushleft
  
-  r for flushright

 C other LaTeX commands.  Each row of the array must be terminated with

 a \\.
aTeX commands.  Each row of the array must be terminated with

 \\.
4 
center
 \ Text on line 1 \ Text on line 2 \\
 .
t on line 2 \\
 .
 .
 \en
end{center}
 T lines that are centered within the left and right margins on the
 of
 current page.  Each line must be terminated with a \\.
s on the

urrent page.  Each line must be terminated with a \\.
5 
\centering
 T declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or  parbox.  The text of a figure or table can be centered on the page by putting a \centering command at the beginning of the figure or table

 environment.
tering command at the beginning of the figure or table

nvironment.
 U a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units.
 To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration
s.
 must contain the blank line or \end command (of an environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit.
mmand (of an environment like

uote) that ends the paragraph unit.
4 
description
 \ \item [label] First i \item [label] Second item
 .
em [label] Second item
 .
 .
 \en
end{description}
 T is bold face and flushed right.
ed to make labeled lists.  The label

s bold face and flushed right.
4 
documentlist
 \ \item[Title \\ subtitl \item[Title \\ subtitle \\ subtitle] Document description
 .
em[Title \\ subtitle \\ subtitle] Document description
 .
 .
 \en
end{documentlist}
 T where the title of the document is formatted as one stack and the

 description is formatted as another stack.  These stacks are then
 placed side by side with the tops of the stacks alined.  For exampl
laced side by side with the tops of the stacks alined.  For example,
 M Notice 2       Military Specificatio
otice 2       Military Specifications
4 
enumerate
 \ \item First item

 \item Second item
 .
em Second item
 .
 .
 \en
end{enumerate}
 T be nested within one another, up to four levels deep.  They can also

 be nested within other paragraph-making environments.
They can also

e nested within other paragraph-making environments.
 E must be at least one \item command within the environment.
.  There

ust be at least one \item command within the environment.
4 
eqnarray
 \ math formula 1 \\
 math formula 2 \\
 .
h formula 2 \\
 .
 .
 \en
end{eqnarray}
 T or inequalities.  It is very much like a three-column array
ations
 environment, with consecutive rows separated by \\ and consec items within a row separated by an &.  An equation number is placed
 on every line unless that line has a \nonumber command.
 is placed

n every line unless that line has a \nonumber command.
4 
equation
 \  math formula
}
 \end{equation}

end{equation}
 T the equation number in the right margin.
tion on the page and places

he equation number in the right margin.
4 
figure
 \
begin{figure}[placement]
  
body of the figure
 \ \end{figure}
e title}

end{figure}
 F usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page.

 Figures will not be split between two pages.
the top of a page.

igures will not be split between two pages.
 T place your figure.  There are four places where LaTeX can possibly

 put a float:
ure.  There are four places where LaTeX can possibly

ut a float:
       environment appears.
tion in the text where the figure

   environment appears.
  
-  t:  Top - at the top of a text page.
  
-  b:  Bottom - at the bottom of a text page.
       containing no text, only floats.
 float page, which is a page

   containing no text, only floats.

 T
he standard report and article styles use the default specifier tbp.

 T etc.  you wish.  The \caption command allows you to title your
ds,
 figure.
 wish.  The \caption command allows you to title your

igure.
4 
flushleft
 \ Text on line 1 \\
 Text on line 2 \\
 .
t on line 2 \\
 .
 .
 \en
end{flushleft}
 T of lines that are flushed left to the left-hand margin.  Each line
g
 must be terminated with a \\.
to the left-hand margin.  Each line

ust be terminated with a \\.
5 
\raggedright
 T declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in  parbox.
on can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a

arbox.
 U start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
 units.  To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
graph
 declaration must contain the blank line or \end command (of an
 environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit.
 (of an

nvironment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit.
4 
flushright
 \ Text on line 1 \\

 Text on line 2 \\
 .
t on line 2 \\
 .
 .
 \en
end{flushright}
 T consisting of lines that are flushed right to the right-hand  Each line must be terminated with a \\.
t to the right-hand margin.

ach line must be terminated with a \\.
5 
\raggedleft
 T declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a parbox.
on can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a

arbox.
 U start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
 units.  To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
graph
 declaration must contain the blank line or \end command (of an
 environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit.
 (of an

nvironment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit.
4 
itemize
 \ \item First item
 \item Second item
 .
em Second item
 .
 .
 \en
end{itemize}
 T be nested within one another, up to four levels deep.  They can also
 be nested within other paragraph-making environments.
They can also

e nested within other paragraph-making environments.
 E must be at least one \item command within the environment.
 There

ust be at least one \item command within the environment.
4 
list
 \ \item First item
}{spacing}
 \item Second item
 .
em Second item
 .
 .
 \en
end{list}
 T argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the
 label.  This argument can and usually does contain other LaTeX
e
 commands.
s argument can and usually does contain other LaTeX

ommands.
 T parameters for the list.  This argument will most often be null, {}.  This will select all default spacing which should suffice for
.
 most cases.
l select all default spacing which should suffice for

ost cases.
4 
minipage
 \  text
minipage} [position] {width}
 \end{mi
end{minipage}
 T the same optional position argument and mandatory width argument.

 You may use other paragraph-making environments inside a minipage.

ou may use other paragraph-making environments inside a minipage.
 F particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables.  A \footnote or \footnotetext command puts the footnote at the bottom o the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it uses the
f
 mpfootnote counter instead of the ordinary footnote counter.
 the

pfootnote counter instead of the ordinary footnote counter.
 N footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage
ootnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.
4 
picture
 \ .
gin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset)
  pi .
cture commands
 \en
end{picture}
 T picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles.  You

 tell LaTeX where to put things in the picture by specifying their
 coordinates.  A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal poin and a minus sign - a number like 5, 2.3 or -3.1416.  A coordinate
t
 specifies a length in multiples of the unit length \unitlength, so  \unitlength has been set to 1cm, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a
 length of 2.54 centimeters.  You can change the value of \unitlength

 anywhere you want, using the \setlength command, but strange things

 will happen if you try changing it inside the picture environment.


ill happen if you try changing it inside the picture environment.
 A the point with x-coordinate 2.4 and y-coordinate -5.  Coordinates are
 specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, which is
s are
 normally at the lower-left corner of the picture.  Note that whe position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces; the

 parentheses serve to delimit the argument.
nclosed in braces; the

arentheses serve to delimit the argument.
 T position.  It specifies the size of the picture.  The environmen produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this argument's x- and y-coordinates.
dth and height determined by this

rgument's x- and y-coordinates.
 T following the size argument, that can change the origin.  (Unlike ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not contained in squa brackets.) The optional argument gives the coordinates of the point

 at the lower-left corner of the picture (thereby determining the
t
 origin).  For example, if \unitlength has been set to 1mm, the

 command
 For example, if \unitlength has been set to 1mm, the

ommand
 \
begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)
 p millimeters, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) an upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220).  When you first
 draw a picture, you will omit the optional argument, leaving the
st
 origin at the lower-left corner.  If you then want to modify your
 picture by shifting everything, you just add the appropriate option argument.
shifting everything, you just add the appropriate optional

rgument.
 T the picture.  This need bear no relation to how large the picture

 really is; LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the
 picture, or even off the page.  The picture's nominal size is used  TeX in determining how much room to leave for it.
al size is used by

eX in determining how much room to leave for it.
 E The command
at appears in a picture is drawn by the \put command.

he command
 \
put (11.3,-.3){ ... }
 p point at coordinates (11.3,-.3).  The reference points for various
e
 objects will be described below.
The reference points for various

bjects will be described below.
 T argument of the \put command that you'd put into the argument of an

 \mbox and related commands.  When you do this, the reference point

 will be the lower left corner of the box.
is, the reference point

ill be the lower left corner of the box.
5 
\circle
 \
circle[*]{diameter}
 T the *-form of the command is used, LaTeX draws a solid circle.
  If

he *-form of the command is used, LaTeX draws a solid circle.
5 
\dashbox
 \
dashbox{dash length}(width,height){ ...  }
 T dash.  A dashed box looks best when the width and height are
f each
 multiples of the dash length.
when the width and height are

ultiples of the dash length.
5 
\frame
 \
frame{ ...  }
 T specified in the argument.  The reference point is the bottom l corner of the frame.  No extra space is put between the frame and th object.
 the frame.  No extra space is put between the frame and the

bject.
5 
\framebox
 \
framebox(width,height)[position]{ ...  }
 T
he \framebox command is analogous to the \makebox command.
5 
\line
 \
line(x slope,y slope){length}
 T
he \line command draws a line of the specified length and slope.
5 
\linethickness
 \
linethickness{dimension}
 D environment to be dimension, which must be a positive length.  It
e
 does not affect the thickness of slanted lines and circles, or the
 quarter circles drawn by \oval to form the corners of an oval.
he

uarter circles drawn by \oval to form the corners of an oval.
5 
\makebox
 \
makebox(width,height)[position]{ ...  }
 T normal \makebox command except that you must specify a width and

 height in multiples of \unitlength.
ou must specify a width and

eight in multiples of \unitlength.
 T text appears in.  You may select up to two of the following:
 your

ext appears in.  You may select up to two of the following:
  
-  t:  Moves the item to the top of the rectangle
  
-  b:  Moves the item to the bottom
  
-  l:  Moves the item to the left
  
-  r:  Moves the item to the right

5 
\multiput
 \
multiput(x coord,y coord)(delta x,delta y){number of copies}{object}
 T object in a regular pattern across a picture.
putting the same

bject in a regular pattern across a picture.
5 
\oval
 \
oval(width,height)[portion]
 T optional argument, [portion], allows you to select part of the oval
ptional argument, [portion], allows you to select part of the oval.
  
-  t:  Selects the top portion
  
-  b:  Selects the bottom portion
  
-  r:  Selects the right portion
  
-  l:  Selects the left portion

5 
\put
 \
put(x coord,y coord){ ...  }
 T at the given coordinates.
 item specified by the mandatory argument

t the given coordinates.
5 
\shortstack
 \
shortstack[position]{...  \\ ...  \\ ...}
 T positions are:
command produces a stack of objects.  The valid

ositions are:
  
-  r:  Moves the objects to the right of the stack
  
-  l:  Moves the objects to the left of the stack
  
-  c:  Moves the objects to the center of the stack (default)

5 
\vector
 \
vector(x slope,y slope){length}
 T length and slope.  The x and y values must lie between -4 and +4, inclusive.
lope.  The x and y values must lie between -4 and +4,

nclusive.
4 
quotation
 \  text
quotation}
 \end{qu
end{quotation}
 T the right.  The text is justified at both margins and there is
t and
 paragraph indentation.  Leaving a blank line between text produc new paragraph.
ation.  Leaving a blank line between text produces a

ew paragraph.
4 
quote
 \  text
quote}
 \end{qu
end{quote}
 T right.  The text is justified at both margins.  Leaving a blank line

 between text produces a new paragraph.
rgins.  Leaving a blank line

etween text produces a new paragraph.
4 
tabbing
 \ text \= more text second row \>  \> more \\
more text \= last text \\
 .
ond row \>  \> more \\
 .
 .
 \en
end{tabbing}
 T works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much the way you do

 with an ordinary typewriter.
 tabbing to them much the way you do

ith an ordinary typewriter.
5 
\=
 T
he \= command sets the tab stops.
5 
\>

Th
e \> command causes LaTeX to advance to the next tab stop.
5 
\<
 T margin without changing the margin.
thing to the left of the local

argin without changing the margin.
5 
\+
 T following commands one tab stop to the right.
t and all the

ollowing commands one tab stop to the right.
5 
\-
 T following commands one tab stop to the left.
xt and all the

ollowing commands one tab stop to the left.
5 
\'
 T current column , everything starting from the most recent \>, \<,  \\, or \kill command, to the right of the previous column, flush
\',
 against the current column's tab stop.
e previous column, flush

gainst the current column's tab stop.
5 
\`
 T stop, including tab stop 0.  However, it can't move text to the right of the last column because there's no tab stop there.  The \` command
 moves all the text that follows it, up to the \\ or \end{tabbing}
nd
 command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing
}
 environment.  There must be no \> or \' command between the \` a the command that ends the line.
 or \' command between the \` and

he command that ends the line.
5 
\kill
 T It works just like the \\ except that it throws away the current line
 instead of producing output for it.  The effect of any \=, \+ or \-

 commands in that line remain in effect.
effect of any \=, \+ or \-

ommands in that line remain in effect.
4 
table
 \
begin{table}[placement]
  
body of the table
 \ \end{table}
e title}

end{table}
 T usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page.
 Tables will not be split between two pages.
 the top of a page.

ables will not be split between two pages.
 T place your table.  There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put
 a float:
 table.  There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put

 float:
       environment appears.
tion in the text where the table

   environment appears.
  
-  t:  Top - at the top of a text page.
  
-  b:  Bottom - at the bottom of a text page.
       containing no text, only floats.
 float page, which is a page

   containing no text, only floats.

 T
he standard report and article styles use the default specifier tbp.
 T etc.  you wish.  The \caption command allows you to title your table
tc.  you wish.  The \caption command allows you to title your table.
4 
tabular
 \ column 1 entry & column 2 en .
umn 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
 .
 .
 \en
end{tabular}
  
              or
 \ column 1 entry & column 2 entry ...  .
umn 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
 .
 .
 \en
end{tabular*}
 T items,aligned vertically in columns.  The mandatory and optional
of
 arguments consist of:
y in columns.  The mandatory and optional

rguments consist of:
       must be rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out     the specified width.
etween columns that can stretch to fill out

   the specified width.
       the center of the environment.
tionion; default is alignment on

   the center of the environment.
  
    -  t - align on top row
  
    -  b - align on bottom row

       sequence of the following specifiers, corresponding to the
     sequence of columns and intercolumn material.
ding to the

   sequence of columns and intercolumn material.
  
    -  l - A column of left-aligned items.
  
    -  r - A column of right-aligned items.
  
    -  c - A column of centered items.
           environment.
 line the full height and depth of the

       environment.
           suppresses the intercolumn space normally inserted between
         columns; any desired space between the inserted text and the         adjacent items must be included in text.  An \extracolsep{wd}
         command in an @-expression causes an extra space of width wd

         to appear to the left of all subsequent columns, until
h wd
         countermanded by another \extracolsep command.  Unlike
         ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is not
e
         suppressed by an @-expression.  An \extracolsep comma         be used only in an @-expression in the cols argument.
 can

       be used only in an @-expression in the cols argument.
           of width wd, as if it were the argument of a \parbox[t]{wd}

         command.  However, a \\ may not appear in the item, except in         the following situations:  (i) inside an environment like
in
         minipage, array, or tabular, (ii) inside an explicit \parbo         or (iii) in the scope of a \centering, \raggedrigth, or
box,
         \raggedleft declaration.  The latter declarations must ap         inside braces or an environment when used in a p-column
pear
         element.
ces or an environment when used in a p-column

       element.
           any positive integer and cols is any list of
s, where num is
         column-specifiers, which may contain another *
       column-specifiers, which may contain another *-expression.


5 
\cline
 \
cline {i-j}
 T specified in the mandatory argument.
nes across the columns

pecified in the mandatory argument.
5 
\hline
 T table.  It's most commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom and between the rows of the table.
raw a line at the top, bottom,

nd between the rows of the table.
5 
\multicolumn
 \
multicolumn {cols} {pos} {text}
 T The first mandatory argument, cols, specifies the number of columns

 to span.  The second mandatory argument, pos, specifies the
olumns
 formatting of the entry; c for centered, l for flushleft, r f flushright.  The third mandatory argument, text, specifies what t is to make up the entry.
datory argument, text, specifies what text

s to make up the entry.
5 
\vline
 T height and depth of its row.  An \hfill command can be used to mo the line to the edge of the column.  It can also be used in an
ove
 @-expression.
 edge of the column.  It can also be used in an

-expression.
4 
thebibliography
 \ \bibitem[label]{cite_key}
est-label}
 .
bitem[label]{cite_key}
 .
 .
 \en
end{thebibliography}
 T list.  In the article style, this reference list is labeled
ference
 "References"; in the report style, it is labeled "Bibliograph
References"; in the report style, it is labeled "Bibliography".
       as the widest item label produces by the \bibitem commands.
ide

   as the widest item label produces by the \bibitem commands.

5 
\bibitem
 \
bibitem[label]{cite_key}
 T label argument is missing, a number is generated as the label, usin the enumi counter.  The cite_key is any sequence of letters, numbers,
 and punctuation symbols not containing a comma.  This command writes

 an entry on the aux file containing cite_key and the item's label.

 When this aux file is read by the \begin{document} command, the
.
 item's label is associated with cite_key, causing the reference t cite_key by a \cite command to produce the associated label.
e to

ite_key by a \cite command to produce the associated label.
5 
\cite
 \
cite[text]{key_list}
 T generates an in-text citation to the references associated with t keys in key_list by entries on the aux file read by the
d with the
 \begin{document} command.
 on the aux file read by the

begin{document} command.
5 
\nocite
 \
nocite{key_list}
 T list of one or more citation keys, on the aux file.
list, which is a

ist of one or more citation keys, on the aux file.
4 
theorem
 \  theorem text

 \end{theorem}

end{theorem}
 T your theorem text.
ent produces "Theorem x" in boldface followed by

our theorem text.
4 
titlepage
 \  text
titlepage}
 \end{ti
end{titlepage}
 T printed page number or heading.  It also causes the following page to
 be numbered page one.  Formatting the title page is left to you.  The
 \today command comes in handy for title pages.
 is left to you.  The

today command comes in handy for title pages.
4 
verbatim
 \  text
verbatim}
 \end{ve
end{verbatim}
 T LaTeX to print exactly what you type in.  It turns LaTeX into a
ets
 typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same effec that they would on a typewriter.
nd blanks having the same effect

hat they would on a typewriter.
5 
\verb
 \
verb char literal_text char \verb*char literal_text char
 T and spaces, using a typewriter (\tt) type style.  There may be no
s
 space between \verb or \verb* and char (space is shown here only fo clarity).  The *-form differs only in that spaces are printed.
 for

larity).  The *-form differs only in that spaces are printed.
4 
verse
 \  text
verse}
 \end{ve
end{verse}
 T other uses for it.
t is designed for poetry, though you may find

ther uses for it.
3 
Footnotes
 F with one command, the \footnote command.  They can also be produced
 with two commands, the \footnotemark and the \footnotetext commands.
 See the specific command for information on why you would use one
.
 over the other.
command for information on why you would use one

ver the other.
4 
\footnote
 \
footnote [number] {text}
 T of the current page.  The optional argument, number, is used to
ttom
 change the default footnote number.  This command can only be use outer paragraph mode.
note number.  This command can only be used in

uter paragraph mode.
4 
\footnotemark
 T command can be used in inner paragraph mode.  The text of the
  This
 footnote is supplied by the \footnotetext command.
xt of the

ootnote is supplied by the \footnotetext command.
4 
\footnotetext
 \
footnotetext [number] {text}
 T bottom of the page.  This command can come anywhere after the

 \footnotemark command.  The \footnotetext command must appear i outer paragraph mode.
 The \footnotetext command must appear in

uter paragraph mode.
 T number.
nal argument, number, is used to change the default footnote

umber.
3 
memos
 Y optional parameters as the article style.
mo style has the same

ptional parameters as the article style.
 A
n memo is defined in three parts:
 1
.  The memo header
 2
.  The memo body
 3
.  The memo signature

 T
he memo header is made up of the following:
  
-  To list:  this can be one or more names
  
-  From list:  this can be one or more names
  
-  Copies list:  This can be zero or more names
  
-  Subject:  Optional

 N
OTE:  You must include a blank line following the Subject parameter.
 Y of the memo.
y of the LaTeX commands that make sense within the body

f the memo.
 T also specify your department, mail stop, extension, etc.
You may

lso specify your department, mail stop, extension, etc.
 N memo signature and the \end{document} command.
 last entry in the

emo signature and the \end{document} command.
 T
he default format for the memo style is as follow:
  
-  The To:  and From:  addresses are one-column.
  
-  The Copies:  address is two-column.
 T follows:
ults can be changed by setting internal switches as

ollows:
 \ \let\From=\doublecolumn \let\Copies=\singlecolumn
let\Copies=\singlecolumn
 T Copies:  list is one column.
d From:  lists two columns while the

opies:  list is one column.
3 
Lengths
 A as an argument.
sure of distance.  Many LaTeX commands take a length

s an argument.
4 
\newlength
 \
newlength {\gnat}
 T length command with a value of 0in.  An error occurs if a \gnat
a
 command already exists.
ue of 0in.  An error occurs if a \gnat

ommand already exists.
4 
\setlength
 \
setlength {\gnat} {length}
 T The length argument can be expressed in any terms of length LaTeX
.
 understands, e.g.  inches (in), millimeters (mm), points (pt), etc.
nderstands, e.g.  inches (in), millimeters (mm), points (pt), etc.
4 
\addtolength
 \
addtolength {\gnat} {length}
 T specified in the length argument.  It can be a negative amount.
t

pecified in the length argument.  It can be a negative amount.
4 
\settowidth
 \
settowidth {\gnat} {text}
 T the width of the text argument.
value of a length command equal to

he width of the text argument.
3 
Letters
 Y The letter document style is designed to make a number of letters a once, although you can make just one if you so desire.
f letters at

nce, although you can make just one if you so desire.
 Y document styles, i.e.  you must have the following commands as a
 minimum:
tyles, i.e.  you must have the following commands as a

inimum:
 \ \begin{document}
ter}
  ... letters ...
 \end{document}


end{document}
 E address of the recipient.  For example, you might have
he name and

ddress of the recipient.  For example, you might have
 \      \\ Oakland, CA  91123}
\ 2345 Jones St. 
   ...
 Oakland, CA  91123}
 \end{le
end{letter}
 T letter follows.  It is typed as ordinary LaTeX input.  Commands that
 make no sense in a letter, like \chapter, don't work.  The letter
t
 closes with a \closing command.
chapter, don't work.  The letter

loses with a \closing command.
 A produces the usual "cc:  ...".  There's also a similar \encl command

 for a list of enclosures.
.".  There's also a similar \encl command

or a list of enclosures.
4 
Declarations
 T
he following commands are declarations which take a single argument.
5 
\address
 \
address {Return address}
 T envelope.  Separate lines of the address should be separated by commands.  If you do not make an \address declaration, then the
\
 letter will be formatted for copying onto your organization's

 standard letterhead.  If you give an \address declaration, then letter will be formatted as a personal letter.
claration, then the

etter will be formatted as a personal letter.
5 
\signature
 \
signature {Your name}
 Y the space for your signature.  Items that should go on separate line should be separated by \\ commands.
that should go on separate lines

hould be separated by \\ commands.
5 
\location
 \
location {address}
 T appears if the firstpage pagestyle is selected.
s.  This only

ppears if the firstpage pagestyle is selected.
5 
\telephone
 \
telephone {number}
 T pagestyle is selected.
umber.  This only appears if the firstpage

agestyle is selected.
4 
\opening
 \
opening {text}
 T text, is what ever text you wish to start your letter, e.g.
rgument,

ext, is what ever text you wish to start your letter, e.g.
 \
opening{Dear John,}
4 
\closing
 \
closing {text}
 T
he letter closes with a \closing command, e.g.
 \
closing{Best Regards,}
3 
Line_and_Page_Breaking
 T translate your input file into a string of glyphs and spaces.  T produce a printed document, this string must be broken into lines,
 and these lines must be broken into pages.  In some environments, yo do the line breaking yourself with the \\ command, but LaTeX usually

 does it for you.
ng yourself with the \\ command, but LaTeX usually

oes it for you.
4 
\\
 \
\ [*] [extra-space]
 T argument, extra-space, that specifies how much extra vertical space
 is to be inserted before the next line.  This can be a negative
ce
 amount.
inserted before the next line.  This can be a negative

mount.
 T tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line.
d except that it

ells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line.
4 
\-
 T point.  LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually find all correct hyphenation points.  The \- command is used for the
nd
 exceptional cases.
ion points.  The \- command is used for the

xceptional cases.
4 
\cleardoublepage
 T figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be

 printed.  In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next p a right-hand (odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if
xt page
 necessary.
 (odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if

ecessary.
4 
\clearpage
 T and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
s

nd tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
4 
\hyphenation
 \
hyphenation{words}
 T words is a list of words, separated by spaces, in which each
where
 hyphenation point is indicated by a - character.
which each

yphenation point is indicated by a - character.
4 
\linebreak
 \
linebreak [number]
 T point of the command.  With the optional argument, number, you can

 convert the \linebreak command from a demand to a request.  The
n
 number must be a number from 0 to 4.  The higher the number, the  insistent the request is.
m 0 to 4.  The higher the number, the more

nsistent the request is.
 T to the right margin.
 causes LaTeX to stretch the line so it extends

o the right margin.
4 
\newline
 T command can be used only in paragraph mode.
ere it is.  The \newline

ommand can be used only in paragraph mode.
4 
\newpage
 T
he \newpage command ends the current page.
4 
\nolinebreak
 \
nolinebreak [number]
 T line at the point of the command.  With the optional argument,
t
 number, you can convert the \nolinebreak command from a demand t request.  The number must be a number from 0 to 4.  The higher the

 number, the more insistent the request is.
 to 4.  The higher the

umber, the more insistent the request is.
4 
\nopagebreak
 \
nopagebreak [number]
 T page at the point of the command.  With the optional argument,
t
 number, you can convert the \nopagebreak command from a demand t request.  The number must be a number from 0 to 4.  The higher the

 number, the more insistent the request is.
 to 4.  The higher the

umber, the more insistent the request is.
4 
\pagebreak
 \
pagebreak [number]
 T point of the command.  With the optional argument, number, you can

 convert the \pagebreak command from a demand to a request.  The
n
 number must be a number from 0 to 4.  The higher the number, the  insistent the request is.
m 0 to 4.  The higher the number, the more

nsistent the request is.
3 
Making_Paragraphs
 A not containing even an %.  A blank line should not appear where a new paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument

 of a sectioning command.
d, such as in math mode or in the argument

f a sectioning command.
4 
\indent
 T paragraph indentation.  It is used to add paragraph indentation where it would otherwise be supressed.
 to add paragraph indentation where

t would otherwise be supressed.
4 
\noindent
 W paragraph indentation.  It has noeffect when used in the middle  paragraph.
dentation.  It has noeffect when used in the middle of a

aragraph.
4 
\par
 E definitions easier to read.
ftenused to make command and environment

efinitions easier to read.
3 
Math_Formulas
 T displaymath, and equation.  The math environment is for formulas t appear right in the text.  The displaymath environment is for
s that
 formulas that appear on their own line.  The equation environme the same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an
t is
 equation number in the right margin.
t except that it adds an

quation number in the right margin.
 T the displaymath and equation environments can be used only in
 but
 paragraph mode.  The math and displaymath environments are used often that they have the following short forms:
ments are used so

ften that they have the following short forms:
  
   \(...\) instead of \begin{math}...\end{math}
  
   \[...\] instead of \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}
 I shorter form:
th environment is so common that it has an even

horter form:
  
   $ ...  $ instead of \(...\)

4 
Subscripts_and_Superscripts
 T _{exp}.  To get exp to appear as a superscript, you type {exp}.

 LaTeX handles superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in natural way.  It even does the right thing when something has both a

 subscript and a superscript.
 right thing when something has both a

ubscript and a superscript.
4 
Math_Symbols
 T The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode.  For example, if you include $\pi$ in your source, you will get the symbol
 "pi" in your output.
e $\pi$ in your source, you will get the symbol

pi" in your output.
4 
Spacing_in_Math_Mode
 I the spacing that it thinks is best.  LaTeX formats mathematics the

 way it's done in mathematics texts.  If you want different spacing,
 LaTeX provides the following four commands for use in math mode:
,

aTeX provides the following four commands for use in math mode:
 1
.  \; - a thick space
 2
.  \:  - a medium space
 3
.  \, - a thin space
 4
.  \!  - a negative thin space

4 
Math_Miscellany
5 
\cdots
 T raised to the center of the line.
ontal ellipsis where the dots are

aised to the center of the line.
5 
\ddots
 T
he \ddots command produces a diagonal ellipsis.
5 
\frac
 \
frac {num} {den}
 T
he \frac command produces the fraction num divided by den.
5 
\ldots
 T mode, not just math mode.
 an ellipsis.  This command works in any

ode, not just math mode.
5 
\overbrace
 \
overbrace {text}
 T
he \overbrace command generates a brace over text.
5 
\overline
 \
overline {text}
 T
he \overline command causes the argument text to be overlined.
5 
\sqrt
 \
sqrt [root] {arg}
 T optional argument, root, determines what root to produce, i.e.  th cube root of x+y would be typed as $\sqrt[3]{x+y}$.
uce, i.e.  the

ube root of x+y would be typed as $\sqrt[3]{x+y}$.
5 
\underbrace
 \
underbrace {text}
 T
he \underbrace command generates text with a brace underneath.
5 
\underline
 \
underline {text}
 T This command can also be used in paragraph and LR modes.
rlined.

his command can also be used in paragraph and LR modes.
5 
\vdots
 T
he \vdots command produces a vertical ellipsis.
3 
Modes
 W three modes:
processing your input text, it is always in one of

hree modes:
  
o  Paragraph mode
  
o  Math mode
  
o  Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short
 L different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or
 when LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing
or
 commands.
is processing the argument of certain text-producing

ommands.
 P processing ordinary text.  In that mode, LaTeX breaks your text in lines and breaks the lines into pages.  LaTeX is in math mode when

 it's generating a mathematical formula.  In LR mode, as in paragraph mode, LaTeX considers the output that it produces to be a string of

 words with spaces between them.  However, unlike paragraph mode,
f
 LaTeX keeps going from left to right; it never starts a new line i LR mode.  Even if you put a hundred words into an \mbox, LaTeX would
 keep typesetting them from left to right inside a single box, and
d
 then complain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the
 line.
mplain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the

ine.
 L command.  You can get it to enter a different mode inside the b for example, you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the
 box.  There are also several text-producing commands and environments
 for making a box that put LaTeX in paragraph mode.  The box make by

 one of these commands or environments will be called a parbox.  When
 LaTeX is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in

 inner paragraph mode.  Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts ou in, is called outer paragraph mode.
agraph mode, which it starts out

n, is called outer paragraph mode.
3 
Page_Styles
 T page's head and foot.  The page style determines what goes in them.

age's head and foot.  The page style determines what goes in them.
4 
\maketitle
 \
maketitle
 T except in the article style, where the title normally goes at the top of the first page.  Information used to produce the title is obtained
 from the following declarations.
ed to produce the title is obtained

rom the following declarations.
5 
\author
 \
author{names}
 T authors separated by \and commands.  Use \\ to separate lines within
 a single author's entry -- for example, to give the author's
within
 institution or address.
- for example, to give the author's

nstitution or address.
 N command.  The \title declaration is the only command of those shown

 below that has any meaning.
ion is the only command of those shown

elow that has any meaning.
5 
\date
 \
date{text}
 T \date command, the current date is used.
document's date.  With no

date command, the current date is used.
5 
\thanks
 \
thanks{text}
 T
he \thanks command produces a footnote to the title.
5 
\title
 \
title{text}
 T LaTeX where to start a new line in a long title.
 Use \\ to tell

aTeX where to start a new line in a long title.
4 
\pagenumbering
 \
pagenumbering{num_style}
 S are:
ies the style of page numbers.  Possible values of num_style

re:
  
-  arabic:  Arabic numerals
  
-  roman:  Lowercase roman numerals
  
-  Roman:  Uppercase roman numerals
  
-  alph:  Lowercase letters
  
-  Alph:  Uppercase letters

4 
\pagestyle
 \
pagestyle {option}
 T throughout the remainder of your document.
m the current page on

hroughout the remainder of your document.
 T
he valid options are:
  
-  plain:  Just a plain page number.
  
-  empty:  Produces empty heads and feet - no page numbers.
       style specifies what goes in the headings.
e.  The document

   style specifies what goes in the headings.
       \markboth or the \markright commands.
in the heading with the

   \markboth or the \markright commands.

5 
\mark
 \
markboth {left head} {right head} \markright {right head}
 T the page style myheadings for setting either both or just the right
 heading.  In addition to their use with the myheadings page style,

 you can use them to override the normal headings in the headings

 style, since LaTeX uses these same commands to generate those head You should note that a left-hand heading is generated by the last
.
 \markboth command before the end of the page, while a right-hand

 heading is generated by the first \markboth or \markright that com on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before the
s
 page.
page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before the

age.
4 
\thispagestyle
 \
thispagestyle {option}
 T command except that it changes the style for the current page only.


ommand except that it changes the style for the current page only.
3 
Sectioning
 S units.
ng commands provide the means to structure your text into

nits.
  
o  \part
  
o  \chapter (report style only)
  
o  \section
  
o  \subsection
  
o  \subsubsection
  
o  \paragraph
  
o  \subparagraph
  
o  \subsubparagraph (milstd and bookform styles only)
  
o  \subsubsubparagraph (milstd and bookform styles only)

 A
ll sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g.
 \
chapter [optional] {title}
 I argument of the sectioning command can appear in two other places
rgument of the sectioning command can appear in two other places:
 1
.  the table of contents
 2
.  the running head at the top of the page
 Y as appears in the text heading.  To handle this situation, the
ces
 sectioning commands have an optional argument that provides the  for these other two purposes.
ional argument that provides the text

or these other two purposes.
 T include a number and do not make an entry in the table of contents.
 For example, the *-form of the \subsection command could look like:

or example, the *-form of the \subsection command could look like:
 \
subsection*{Example subsection}
4 
\appendix
 \
appendix
 T The \appendix command generates no text and does not affect the
d.
 numbering or parts.
 generates no text and does not affect the

umbering or parts.
3 
Spaces_and_Boxes
4 
\addvspace
 \
addvspace{length}
 T length.  However, if vertical space has already been added to the same point in the output by a previous \addvspace command, then thi command will not add more space than needed to make the natural
his
 length of the total vertical space equal to length.
he natural

ength of the total vertical space equal to length.
4 
\bigskip
 T bigskipamount is determined by the document style.
pamount} where

igskipamount is determined by the document style.
4 
\dotfill
 T instead of just spaces.
uces a rubber length that produces dots

nstead of just spaces.
4 
\fbox
 \
fbox {text}
 T that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates.

hat it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates.
4 
\framebox
 \
framebox [width] [position] {text}
 T except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it

 creates.
t it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it

reates.
 T leaves a space \fboxsep between the rule and the contents of the b
eaves a space \fboxsep between the rule and the contents of the box.
4 
\hfill
 T shrink horizontally.  It will be filled with spaces.
 can stretch or

hrink horizontally.  It will be filled with spaces.
4 
\hrulefill
 T stretch or shrink horizontally.  It will be filled with a horizo rule.
 or shrink horizontally.  It will be filled with a horizontal

ule.
4 
\hspace
 \
hspace[*]{length}
 T can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, e.g.  points,
 inches, etc.  You can add negative as well as positive space with an
 \hspace command.  Adding negative space is like backspacing.
ith an

hspace command.  Adding negative space is like backspacing.
 L you don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional *

 argument.  Then the space is never removed.
clude the optional *

rgument.  Then the space is never removed.
4 
\makebox
 \
makebox [width] [position] {text}
 T The width of the box is specified by the optional width argument.
 The position of the text within the box is determined by the option position argument.
text within the box is determined by the optional

osition argument.
  
-  c - centered (default)
  
-  l - flushleft
  
-  r - flushright

4 
\mbox
 \
mbox {text}
 T created by its argument.
a box just wide enough to hold the text

reated by its argument.
4 
\medskip
 T medskipamount is determined by the document style.
pamount} where

edskipamount is determined by the document style.
4 
\newsavebox
 \
newsavebox{cmd}
 D defined, to be a bin for saving boxes.
me that is not already

efined, to be a bin for saving boxes.
4 
\parbox
 \
parbox [position] {width} {text}
 A \parbox has two mandatory arguments:
reated in paragraph mode.  The

parbox has two mandatory arguments:
 1
.  width:  specifies the width of the parbox, and
 2
.  text:  the text that goes inside the parbox.

 L of the text line.  An optional first argument, position, allows you
 to line up either the top or bottom line in the parbox.
allows you

o line up either the top or bottom line in the parbox.
 A text, with nothing fancy inside.  In particular, you shouldn't use
 any of the paragraph-making environments inside a \parbox argument.
 For larger pieces of text, including ones containing a
x argument.
 paragraph-making environment, you should use a minipage 
aragraph-making environment, you should use a minipage environment.
4 
\raisebox
 \
raisebox {distance} [extend-above] [extend-below] {text}
 T mandatory argument specifies how high the text is to be raised (or lowered if it is a negative amount).  The text itself is processed i LR mode.
 it is a negative amount).  The text itself is processed in

R mode.
 S size than it really does - or a different size than LaTeX would
nt
 normally think it has.  The \raisebox command lets you tell LaTeX tall it is.
k it has.  The \raisebox command lets you tell LaTeX how

all it is.
 T text extends above the line by the amount specified.  The second
the
 optional argument, extend-below, makes LaTeX think that the text
 extends below the line by the amount specified.
k that the text

xtends below the line by the amount specified.
4 
\rule
 \
rule [raise-height] {width} {thickness}
 T are defined as follows.
 to produce horizontal lines.  The arguments

re defined as follows.
  
o  raise-height:  specifies how high to raise the rule (optional)
  
o  width:  specifies the length of the rule (mandatory)
  
o  thickness:  specifies the thickness of the rule (mandatory)

4 
\savebox
 \ \savebox{cmd}[widt
savebox{cmd}[width][pos]{text}
 T However, instead of printing the resulting box, they save it in bin
 cmd, which must have been declared with \newsavebox.
ave it in bin

md, which must have been declared with \newsavebox.
4 
\smallskip
 \
smallskip
 T where smallskipamount is determined by the document style.
unt}

here smallskipamount is determined by the document style.
4 
\usebox
 \
usebox{cmd}
 P
rints the box most recently saved in bin cmd by a \savebox command.
4 
\vfill
 T shrink vertically.
and produces a rubber length which can stretch or

hrink vertically.
4 
\vspace
 \
vspace[*]{length}
 T be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, e.g.  points,
 can
 inches, etc.  You can add negative as well as positive space with \vspace command.
can add negative as well as positive space with an

vspace command.
 L don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional *
If you
 argument.  Then the space is never removed.
e the optional *

rgument.  Then the space is never removed.
3 
Special_Characters
 T special printing characters, or simply special characters.
e called

pecial printing characters, or simply special characters.
 #
 $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }
 W are doing something special.  If you simply want the character to be
 printed just as any other letter, include a \ in front of the
to be
 character.  For example, \$ will produce $ in your output.
e

haracter.  For example, \$ will produce $ in your output.
 T special meaning.  A \ is produced by typing $\backslash$ in your
 file.
 meaning.  A \ is produced by typing $\backslash$ in your

ile.
3 
Splitting_the_Input
 A whole input in a single large file, it's more efficient to split it
 into several smaller ones.  Regardless of how many separate files you use, there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you
 type when you run LaTeX.
the root file; it is the one whose name you

ype when you run LaTeX.
4 
\include
 \
include{file}
 T command for selective inlcusion of files.  The file argument is the first name of a file, denoting FILE.TEX.  If file is one the file

 names in the file list of the \includeonly command or if there is n \includeonly command, the \include command is equivalent to
e is no

includeonly command, the \include command is equivalent to
 \
clearpage \input{file} \clearpage
 e message rather than an error is produced.  If the file is not in  file list, the \include command is equivalent to \clearpage.
in the

ile list, the \include command is equivalent to \clearpage.
 T by another \include command.
ppear in the preamble or ina file read

y another \include command.
4 
\includeonly
 \
includeonly{file_list}
 T \include command.  It can only appear in the preamble.
ad in by an

include command.  It can only appear in the preamble.
4 
\input
 \
input{file}
 T processed, exactly as if its contents had been inserted in th current file at that point.  The file name may be a complete fil name with extension or just a first name, in which case the file

 FILE.TEX is used.
 or just a first name, in which case the file

ILE.TEX is used.
3 
Starting_and_Ending
 Y
our input file must contain the following commands as a minimum.
 \ \begin{document}
le}
   ... your text go \end{document}
goes here ...

end{document}
 w Document_Styles within this help file.
d styles for LaTeX.  See

ocument_Styles within this help file.
 Y the \begin{document} commands.
ands between the \documentstyle and

he \begin{document} commands.
3 
Table_of_Contents
 A You put the command right where you want the table of contents to go LaTeX does the rest for you.  It produces a heading, but it does not

 automatically start a new page.  If you want a new page after the
t
 table of contents, include a \newpage command after the
fter the
 \tableofcontents command.
a \newpage command after the

tableofcontents command.
 T producing a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively.
 Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents.

verything works exactly the same as for the table of contents.
 N have the \nofiles command in your document.
 generated, you can not

ave the \nofiles command in your document.
4 
\addcontentsline
 \
addcontentsline{file}{sec_unit}{entry}
 T table where
ntsline command adds an entry to the specified list or

able where
       written:  toc (table of contents), lof (list of figures), or lot
     (list of tables).
e of contents), lof (list of figures), or lot

   (list of tables).
       of the following, depending upon the value of the file argument:

   of the following, depending upon the value of the file argument:
           subsection.
e of the sectional unit, such as part or

       subsection.
  
    o  lof:  figure
  
    o  lot:  table

  
-  entry is the text of the entry.

4 
\addtocontents
 \
addtocontents{file}{text}
 T directly to the file that generates the table of contents or li figures or tables.
 that generates the table of contents or list of

igures or tables.
       written:  toc (table of contents), lof (list of figures), or lot
     (list of tables).
e of contents), lof (list of figures), or lot

   (list of tables).
  
-  text is the information to be written.

3 
Terminal_Input_and_Output

4 
\typeout
 \
typeout{msg}
 P are defined with \newcommand or \renewcommand are replaced by their

 definitions before being printed.
newcommand are replaced by their

efinitions before being printed.
 L and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to msg.  A \space

 command in msg causes a single space to be printed.
.  A \space

ommand in msg causes a single space to be printed.
4 
\typein
 \
typein[cmd]{msg}
 P to type a line of input, ending with return.  If the cmd argument is
 missing, the typed input is processed as if it had been included in

 the input file in place of the \typein command.  If the cmd argument
 is present, it must be a command name.  This command name is then
t
 defined or redefined to be the typed input.
command name is then

efined or redefined to be the typed input.
3 
Typefaces
 T is also called a font.
d by giving the size and style.  A typeface

s also called a font.
4  The follo
he following type style commands are supported by LaTeX.
  
o  \rm:  Roman.
  
o  \it:  Italics.
  
o  \em:  Emphasis (toggles between \it and \rm).
  
o  \bf:  Boldface.
  
o  \sl:  Slanted.
  
o  \sf:  Sans serif.
  
o  \sc:  Small caps.
  
o  \tt:  Typewriter.

4  The foll
he following type size commands are supported by LaTeX.
  
o  \tiny
  
o  \scriptsize
  
o  \footnotesize
  
o  \small
  
o  \normalsize (default)
  
o  \large
  
o  \Large (capital "l")
  
o  \LARGE (all caps)
  
o  \huge
  
o  \Huge (capital "h")

2 
Parameters
 i
nput-file
 T LaTeX uses TEX as a default file extension.  If you omit the input file entirely, TeX accepts input from the terminal.
mit the input

ile entirely, TeX accepts input from the terminal.
 O file has the file type DVI, and the log file has the file type LIS. When you fail to specify an input file name, LaTeX bases the output
 names on the document style you select.
me, LaTeX bases the output

ames on the document style you select.
2 
Qualifiers
 /
BATCH
 S terminal.  Normally, LaTeX is set up for interactive use; it stop when it encounters an error and allows you to correct it, and prints status and diagnostic information at the terminal.  The /BATCH
ints
 setting is preferred for batch use; LaTeX will barrel on through though you had specified `BATCHMODE' in the input file or typed `Q'
 in response to the first error message.
he input file or typed `Q'
