>K M display: ImageMagick - Image Processing and Display PackageJ R < W<8 
B

 
  &
>NAME+
>



7display - display an image on any workstation running X
 


  &
>Contents+
>


  &
>Synopsis+
>



`display [ options ...] fileD[options...]file

  &
>Description+
>



PDisplay is a machine architecture independentPimage processing and display program. It can display an image on any workstationGscreen running an X server. Display can read and writemanyYof the more popular image formats (e.g. JPEG,TIFF,PNM, PhotoCD, etc.).

KWith display, you can perform these functions on an image:

C
*load an image from a file@
*display the next imageB
*display the former imageV
*display a sequence of images as a slide showC
*write the image to a fileZ
*print the image to a PostScript printer?
*delete the image fileI
*create a Visual Image Directoryg
*select the image to display by its thumbnail rather than nameH
*undo last image transformationD
*copy a region of the imageE
*paste a region to the imageP
*restore the image to its original size;
*refresh the image=
*half the image size?
*double the image size:
*resize the image8
*crop the image7
*cut the imageP
*flop image in the horizontal directionN
*flip image in the vertical directionO
*rotate the image 90 degrees clockwiseW
*rotate the image 90 degrees counter-clockwise:
*rotate the image9
*shear the image8
*roll the image>
*trim the image edgesH
*invert the colors of the imageC
*vary the color brightnessC
*vary the color saturation<
*vary the image hueA
*gamma correct the imageD
*sharpen the image contrastA
*dull the image contrastU
*perform histogram equalization on the imageV
*perform histogram normalization on the imageA
*negate the image colorsH
*convert the image to grayscale^
*set the maximum number of unique colors in the imageM
*reduce the speckles within an imageL
*eliminate peak noise from an imageG
*detect edges within the image9
*emboss an imageD
*segment the image by colorB
*simulate an oil paintingE
*simulate a charcoal drawingF
*annotate the image with text;
*draw on the imageC
*edit an image pixel colorJ
*edit the image matte informationI
*composite an image with anotherC
*add a border to the imageR
*surround image with an ornamental borderc
*apply image processing techniques to a region of interestM
*display information about the imageE
*zoom a portion of the imageG
*show a histogram of the imageQ
*display image to background of a window>
*set user preferencesP
*display information about this programM
*discard all images and exit programK
*change the level of magnification{
*display images specified by a World Wide Web (WWW) uniform resource locator (URL)



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>Examples+
>



FTo scale an image of a cockatoo to exactly 640 pixels in width and 480Dpixels in height and position the window at location (200,200), use:

4    display -geometry 640x480+200+200! cockatoo.miff


JTo display an image of a cockatoo without a border centered on a backdrop,use:

0    display +borderwidth -backdrop cockatoo.miff


2To tile a slate texture onto the root window, use:

2    display -size 1280x1024 -window root slate.png


ATo display a visual image directory of all your JPEG images, use:

    display 'vid:*.jpg'


KTo display a MAP image that is 640 pixels in width and 480 pixels in heightwith 256 colors, use:

*    display -size 640x480+256 cockatoo.map


XTo display an image of a cockatoo specified with a World Wide Web (WWW)5uniform resource locator (URL), use:

8    display ftp://wizards.dupont.com/images/cockatoo.jpg


&To display histogram of an image, use:

,    convert file.jpg HISTOGRAM:- | display -



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  &
>Options+
>



FOptions are processed in command line order. Any option you specify onOthe command line remains in effect until it is explicitly changed by specifyingNthe option again with a different effect. For example to display three images,Hthe first with 32 colors, the second with an unlimited number of colors,'and the third with only 16 colors, use:

L      display -colors 32 cockatoo.miff -noop duck.miff -colors 16 macaw.miff


VDisplay options can appear on the command line or in your X resourcesOfile. See X(1). Options on the command line supersede values specifiedin your X resources file.

3For a more detailed description of each option, see7ImageMagick(1).
 
 !

.[ -authenticate <string>+

decrypt image with this password
 !

.R -backdrop <color>+

display the image centered on a backdrop.
 !

.V -background <color>+

the background color
 !

.] -border <width>x<height>+

surround the image with a border of color
 !

.X -bordercolor <color>+

the border color
 !

.( -borderwidth <geometry>+

the border width
 !

.P -cache <threshold>+

megabytes of memory available to the pixel cache
 !

.Q -colormap <type>+

define the colormap type
 !

.N -colors <value>+

preferred number of colors in the image
 !

.V -colorspace <value>+

the type of colorspace
 !

.Q -comment <string>+

annotate an image with a comment
 !

.Q -compress <type>+

the type of image compression
 !

.= -contrast+

enhance or reduce the image contrast
 !

. -crop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}+

preferred size and location of the cropped image
 !

. -debug <events>+

enable debug printout
 !

.[ -delay <1/100ths of a second>+

display the next image after pausing
 !

._ -density <width>x<height>+

vertical and horizontal resolution in pixels of the image
 !

.L -depth <value>+

depth of the image
 !

. -despeckle+

reduce the speckles within an image
 !

.` -display <host:display[.screen]>+

specifies the X server to contact
 !

.Q -dispose <method>+

GIF disposal method
 !

.9 -dither+

apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image
 !

. -edge <radius>+

detect edges within an image
 !

.M -endian <type>+

specify endianness (MSB or LSB) of output image
 !

. -enhance+

apply a digital filter to enhance a noisy image
 !

.M -filter <type>+

use this type of filter when resizing an image
 !

.5 -flip+

create a "mirror image"
 !

.5 -flop+

create a "mirror image"
 !

.I -font <name>+

use this font when annotating the image with text
 !

.V -foreground <color>+

define the foreground color
 !

. -frame <width>x<height>+<outer bevel width>+<inner bevel width>+

surround the image with an ornamental border
 !

.L -gamma <value>+

level of gamma correction
 !

. -geometry <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{@} {!}{<}{>}+

preferred size and location of the Image window.
 !

. -help+

print usage instructions
 !

.] -iconGeometry <geometry>+

specify the icon geometry
 !

. -iconic+

iconic animation
 !

. -immutable+

make image immutable
 !

.S -interlace <type>+

the type of interlacing scheme
 !

.K -label <name>+

assign a label to an image
 !

.Y -limit <type> <value>+

Disk, Map, or Memory resource limit
 !

." -magnify <factor>+

magnify the image
 !

.G -map <type>+
y

0display image using this type.
 !

.7 -matte+

store matte channel if the image has one
 !

.V -mattecolor <color>+

specify the color to be used with the -frame option
 !

. -monochrome+

transform the image to black and white
 !

. -name+

name an image
 !

.9 -negate+

replace every pixel with its complementary color
 !

.5 -noop+

NOOP (no option)
 !

. -page <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{!}{<}{>}+

size and location of an image canvas
 !

.P -quality <value>+

JPEG/MIFF/PNG compression level
 !

.[ -raise <width>x<height>+

lighten or darken image edges
 !

.9 -remote+

perform a remote operation
 !

.s -roll {+-}<x>{+-}<y>+

roll an image vertically or horizontally
 !

.x -rotate <degrees>{<}{>}+

apply Paeth image rotation to the image
 !

.Q -sample <geometry>+

scale image with pixel sampling
 !

. -sampling-factor <horizontal_factor>x<vertical_factor>+

sampling factors used by JPEG or MPEG-2 encoder and YUV decoder/encoder.
 !

.T -scenes <value-value>+

range of image scene numbers to read
 !

.x -segment <cluster threshold>x<smoothing threshold>+

segment an image
 !

.G -shared-memory+

use shared memory
 !

._ -sharpen <radius>x<sigma>+

sharpen the image
 !

.p -size <width>x<height>{+offset}+

width and height of the image
 !

.S -text-font <name>+

font for writing fixed-width text
 !

.$ -texture <filename>+

name of texture to tile onto the image background
 !

.M -title <string>+

assign title to displayed image [animate, display, montage]
 !

.T -treedepth <value>+

tree depth for the color reduction algorithm
 !

.5 -trim+

trim an image
 !

.P -update <seconds>+
y

Cdetect when image file is modified and redisplay.
 !

. -use-pixmap+

use the pixmap
 !

.; -verbose+

print detailed information about the image
 !

.; -version+

print ImageMagick version string
 !

.M -visual <type>+

animate images using this X visual type
 !

.K -window <id>+

make image the background of a window
 !

. -window-group+

specify the window group
 !

.O -write <filename>+

write the image to a file [display]


3For a more detailed description of each option, see7ImageMagick(1).
 




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> Mouse Buttons+
>



FThe effects of each button press is described below. Three buttons areFrequired. If you have a two button mouse, button 1 and 3 are returned.=Press ALT and button 3 to simulate button 2. !

. 1+
y

=Press this button to map or unmap the CommandHwidget . See the next section for more information about the Commandwidget.
 !

. 2+
y

LPress and drag to define a region of the image to magnify.
 !

. 3+
y

IPress and drag to choose from a select set of display(1)Fcommands. This button behaves differently if the image being displayedFis a visual image directory. Choose a particular tile of the directoryFand press this button and drag to select a command from a pop-up menu./Choose from these menu items:


    
  • Open
  • Next
  • Former
  • Delete
  • Update


TIf you choose Open, the image represented by the tile is displayed.VTo return to the visual image directory, choose Next from the Command5widget (refer to Command Widget).1Next and FormerQmoves to the next or former image respectively. Choose Delete toVdelete a particular image tile. Finally, choose Update to synchronize5all the image tiles with their respective images. See"montageand.miff for more details.



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>!Command Widget+
>



EThe Command widget lists a number of sub-menus and commands. They are

    
  • File
    • Open...
    • Next
    • Former
    • Select...
    • Save...
    • Print...
    • Delete...
    • Canvas...
    • Visual Directory...
    • Quit
    

    
  • Edit
      
    • Undo
    • Redo
    • Cut
    • Copy
    • Paste
    

    
  • View
    • Half Size
    • Original Size
    • Double Size
    • Resize...
    • Apply
    • Refresh
    • Restore
    

    
  • Transform
      
    • Crop
    • Chop
    • Flop
    • Flip
    • Rotate Right
    • Rotate Left
    • Rotate...
    • Shear...
    • Roll...
    • Trim Edges
    

    
  • Enhance
    • Hue...
    • Saturation...
    • Brightness...
    • Gamma...
    • Spiff...
    • Dull
    • Equalize
    • Normalize
    • Negate
    • GRAYscale
    • Quantize...
    

    
  • Effects
    • Despeckle
    • Emboss
    • Reduce Noise
    • Add Noise
    • Sharpen...
    • Blur...
    • Threshold...
    • Edge Detect...
    • Spread...
    • Shade...
    • Raise...
    • Segment...
    

    
  • F/X
      
    • Solarize...
    • Swirl...
    • Implode...
    • Wave...
    • Oil Paint...
    • Charcoal Draw...
    

    
  • Image Edit
      
    • Annotate...
    • Draw...
    • Color...
    • Matte...
    • Composite...
    • Add Border...
    • Add Frame...
    • Comment...
    • Launch...
    • Region of Interest...
    

    
  • Miscellany
      
    • Image Info
    • Zoom Image
    • Show Preview...
    • Show Histogram
    • Show Matte
    • Background...
    • Slide Show
    • Preferences...
    

    
  • Help
    • Overview
    • Browse Documentation
    • About Display
    


IMenu items with a indented triangle have a sub-menu. They are representedHabove as the indented items. To access a sub-menu item, move the pointerFto the appropriate menu and press button 1 and drag. When you find theFdesired sub-menu item, release the button and the command is executed.FMove the pointer away from the sub-menu if you decide not to execute aparticular command.



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>(Keyboard Accelerators+
>



IAccelerators are one or two key presses that effect a particular command.The keyboard accelerators that(display understands is:

E    Ctl+O     Press to load an image from a file..    space     Press to display the next image.


0If the image is a multi-paged document such as aPostScript document,Iyou can skip ahead several pages by preceding this command with a number.?For example to display the fourth page beyond the current page,press 4space.

0    backspace Press to display the former image.


0If the image is a multi-paged document such as aPostScript document,Jyou can skip behind several pages by preceding this command with a number.HFor example to display the fourth page preceding the current page, press4n.

/    Ctl-S    Press to save the image to a file.*    Ctl-P    Press to print the image to a)             PostScript printer.+    Ctl-D    Press to delete an image file.,    Ctl-N    Press to create a blank canvas.:    Ctl-Q    Press to discard all images and exit program.5    Ctl+Z    Press to undo last image transformation.5    Ctl+R    Press to redo last image transformation.9    Ctl-X    Press to cut a region of             the image.:    Ctl-C    Press to copy a region of             the image.;    Ctl-V    Press to paste a region to             the image./    &lt;     Press to halve the image size.8    .        Press to return to the original image size./    >        Press to double the image size.<    %        Press to resize the image to a width and height             you specify.?    Cmd-A    Press to make any image transformations permanent.;             By default, any image size transformations are>             applied to the original image to create the image5             displayed on the X server.  However, theA             transformations are not permanent (i.e. the original?             image does not change size only the X image does).>             For example, if you press ">" the X image will=             appear to double in size, but the original image=             will in fact remain the same size.  To force theD             original image to double in size, press ">" followed             by "Cmd-A"./    @        Press to refresh the image window.9    C        Press to crop the image.9    [        Press to chop the image.=    H        Press to flop image in the horizontal direction.;    V        Press to flip image in the vertical direction.<    /        Press to rotate the image 90 degrees clockwise.1    \        Press to rotate the image 90 degrees             counter-clockwise.:    *        Press to rotate the image/             the number of degrees you specify.;    S        Press to shear the image the number of degrees             you specify.%    R        Press to roll the image.+    T        Press to trim the image edges.)    Shft-H   Press to vary the color hue.0    Shft-S   Press to vary the color saturation.0    Shft-L   Press to vary the image brightness..    Shft-G   Press to gamma correct the image.2    Shft-C   Press to spiff up the image contrast..    Shft-Z   Press to dull the image contrast.7    =        Press to perform histogram equalization on             the image.8    Shft-N   Press to perform histogram normalization on             the image.5    Shft-~   Press to negate the colors of the image.7    .        Press to convert the image colors to gray.6    Shft-#   Press to set the maximum number of unique!             colors in the image.6    F2       Press to reduce the speckles in an image.&    F2       Press to emboss an image.9    F4       Press to eliminate peak noise from an image.,    F5       Press to add noise to an image.'    F6       Press to sharpen an image.*    F7       Press to blur image an image.*    F8       Press to threshold the image.3    F9       Press to detect edges within an image.9    F10      Press to displace pixels by a random amount.;    F11      Press to shade the image using a distant light             source.=    F12      Press to lighten or darken image edges to create             a 3-D effect.1    F13      Press to segment the image by color.:    Meta-S   Press to swirl image pixels about the center.<    Meta-I   Press to implode image pixels about the center.7    Meta-W   Press to alter an image along a sine wave./    Meta-P   Press to simulate an oil painting.2    Meta-C   Press to simulate a charcoal drawing.?    Alt-X    Press to composite the image             with another.G    Alt-A    Press to annotate the image with text.C    Alt-D    Press to draw a line on the image.D    Alt-P    Press to edit an image pixel color.K    Alt-M    Press to edit the image matte information.M    Alt-X    Press to composite the image with another.0    Alt-A    Press to add a border to the image.:    Alt-F    Press to add a ornamental frame to the image./    Alt-Shft-!   Press to add an image comment.<    Ctl-A    Press to apply image processing techniques to a              region of interest.:    Shft-?   Press to display information about the image.0    Shft-+   Press to map the zoom image window.;    Shft-P   Press to preview an image enhancement, effect,             or f/x.7    F1       Press to display helpful information about#             the "display" utility.=    Find     Press to browse documentation about ImageMagick.8    1-9      Press to change the level of magnification.


GUse the arrow keys to move the image one pixel up, down, left, or rightNwithin the magnify window. Be sure to first map the magnify window by pressing button 2.

GPress ALT and one of the arrow keys to trim off one pixel from any side of the image.



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>X Resources+
>



UDisplay options can appear on the command line or in your X resourceFfile. Options on the command line supersede values specified in your XEresource file. See X(1) for more information on X resources.

SMost display options have a corresponding X resource. In addition,displayuses the following X resources: !

.( background (class Background)+
y

ISpecifies the preferred color to use for the Image window background. The"default is #ccc.
 !

.* borderColor (class BorderColor)+
y

MSpecifies the preferred color to use for the Image window border. The defaultis #ccc.
 !

.* borderWidth (class BorderWidth)+
y

HSpecifies the width in pixels of the image window border. The default is2.
 !

.. browseCommand (class browseCommand)+
y

GSpecifies the name of the preferred browser when displaying ImageMagickEdocumentation. The default is netscape %s.
 !

.* confirmExit (class ConfirmExit)+
y

QDisplay pops up a dialog box to confirm exiting the program whenHexiting the program. Set this resource to False to exit without!a confirmation.
 !

., displayGamma (class DisplayGamma)+
y

6Specifies the gamma of the X server.
y

HYou can apply separate gamma values to the red, green, and blue channelsbof the image with a gamma value list delineated with slashes (i.e. 1.7/2.3/1.2).
y

%The default is 2.2.
 !

.2 displayWarnings (class DisplayWarnings)+
y

PDisplay pops up a dialog box whenever a warning message occurs.QSet this resource to False to ignore warning messages.
 !

. font (class FontList)+
y

ISpecifies the name of the preferred font to use in normal formatted text.4The default is 14 point Helvetica.
 !

.& font[1-9] (class Font[1-9])+
y

4Specifies the name of the preferred font to use whenannotatingGthe image window with text. The default fonts are fixed, variable, 5x8,G6x10, 7x13bold, 8x13bold, 9x15bold, 10x20, and 12x24.
 !

.( foreground (class Foreground)+
y

FSpecifies the preferred color to use for text within the image window.'The default is black.
 !

., gammaCorrect (class gammaCorrect)+
y

FThis resource, if true, will lighten or darken an image of known gammaSto match the gamma of the display (see resource displayGamma). The"default is True.
 !

.$ geometry (class Geometry)+
y

HSpecifies the preferred size and position of the image window. It is not<necessarily obeyed by all window managers.

POffsets, if present, are handled in X(1) style. A negative x offset isImeasured from the right edge of the screen to the right edge of the icon,Fand a negative y offset is measured from the bottom edge of the screen8to the bottom edge of the icon.
 !

., iconGeometry (class IconGeometry)+
y

LSpecifies the preferred size and position of the application when iconified.FIt is not necessarily obeyed by all window managers.

bOffsets, if present, are handled in the same manner as in class Geometry.
 !

. iconic (class Iconic)+
y

LThis resource indicates that you would prefer that the application's windowsGinitially not be visible as if the windows had be immediately iconified\by you. Window managers may choose not to honor the application's request.
 !

." magnify (class Magnify)+
y

Gspecifies an integral factor by which the image should be enlarged. Thedefault is 3.
y

FThis value only affects the magnification window which is invoked withbutton8number 3 after the image is displayed.
 !

.( matteColor (class MatteColor)+
y

HSpecify the color of windows. It is used for the backgrounds of windows,Imenus, and notices. A 3D effect is achieved by using highlight and shadowIcolors derived from this color. Default value: #697B8F.
 !

. name (class Name)+
y

JThis resource specifies the name under which resources for the applicationHshould be found. This resource is useful in shell aliases to distinguishJbetween invocations of an application, without resorting to creating linksYto alter the executable file name. The default is the application name.
 !

.$ pen[1-9] (class Pen[1-9])+
y

5Specifies the color of the preferred font to use whenannotatingFthe image window with text. The default colors are black, blue, green,>cyan, gray, red, magenta, yellow, and white.
 !

., printCommand (class PrintCommand)+
y

IThis command is executed whenever Print is issued. In general, it is theKcommand to print PostScript to your printer. Default value: lp -c -s %i.
 !

., sharedMemory (class SharedMemory)+
y

HThis resource specifies whether display should attempt use shared memoryIfor pixmaps. ImageMagick must be compiled with shared memory support, andHthe display must support the MIT-SHM extension. Otherwise, this resource2is ignored. The default is True.
 !

.$ textFont (class textFont)+
y

KSpecifies the name of the preferred font to use in fixed (typewriter style)Bformatted text. The default is 14 point Courier.
 !

. title (class Title)+
y

GThis resource specifies the title to be used for the image window. ThisQinformation is sometimes used by a window manager to provide a header identifyingAthe window. The default is the image file name.
 !

.& undoCache (class UndoCache)+
y

FSpecifies, in mega-bytes, the amount of memory in the undo edit cache.IEach time you modify the image it is saved in the undo edit cache as longIas memory is available. You can subsequently undo one or more ofEthese transformations. The default is 16 Megabytes.
 !

.& usePixmap (class UsePixmap)+
y

GImages are maintained as a XImage by default. Set this resource to TrueGto utilize a server Pixmap instead. This option is useful if your imageFexceeds the dimensions of your server screen and you intend to pan theFimage. Panning is much faster with Pixmaps than with a XImage. PixmapsOare considered a precious resource, use them with discretion.


OTo set the geometry of the Magnify or Pan or window, use the geometry resource.<For example, to set the Pan window geometry to 256x256, use:

!    display.pan.geometry: 256x256



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  &
> Image Loading+
>



aTo select an image to display, choose Open of the File sub-menuIfrom the Command widget. A file browser is displayed.GTo choose a particular image file, move the pointer to the filename andHpress any button. The filename is copied to the text window. Next, pressOpenTor press the RETURN key. Alternatively, you can type the image fileNname directly into the text window. To descend directories, choose a directoryHname and press the button twice quickly. A scrollbar allows a large listHof filenames to be moved through the viewing area if it exceeds the sizeof the list area.

GYou can trim the list of file names by using shell globbing characters.<For example, type *.jpg to list only files that endwith .jpg.

LTo select your image from the X server screen instead of from a file, Choose:Grab of the Open widget.



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>)Visual Image Directory+
>



XTo create a Visual Image Directory, choose Visual Directory of the FileHsub-menu from the Command widget . A file browser isHdisplayed. To create a Visual Image Directory from all the images in the]current directory, press Directory or press the RETURN key.JAlternatively, you can select a set of image names by using shell globbingGcharacters. For example, type *.jpg to include only files thatGend with .jpg. To descend directories, choose a directory nameFand press the button twice quickly. A scrollbar allows a large list ofHfilenames to be moved through the viewing area if it exceeds the size ofthe list area.

JAfter you select a set of files, they are turned into thumbnails and tiledGonto a single image. Now move the pointer to a particular thumbnail andUpress button 3 and drag. Finally, select Open. The image representedQby the thumbnail is displayed at its full size. Choose Next fromPthe File sub-menu of the Command widget to return to the VisualImage Directory.



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> Image Cutting+
>



JNote that cut information for image window is not retained for colormapped,X server visuals (e.g. StaticColor,)StaticColor, GRAYScale,PseudoColor).QCorrect cutting behavior may require a TrueColor or DirectColor'visual or a Standard Colormap.

ZTo begin, press choose Cut of the Edit sub-menu from theCommand widget. Alternatively, press(F3 in the image window.

FA small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the imageJwindow. You are now in cut mode. In cut mode, the Command widget has theseoptions:

    
  • Help
  • Dismiss


JTo define a cut region, press button 1 and drag. The cut region is definedFby a highlighted rectangle that expands or contracts as it follows theHpointer. Once you are satisfied with the cut region, release the button.JYou are now in rectify mode. In rectify mode, the Command widget has theseoptions:

    
  • Cut
  • Help
  • Dismiss


JYou can make adjustments by moving the pointer to one of the cut rectangleFcorners, pressing a button, and dragging. Finally, press Cut to commitCyour copy region. To exit without cutting the image, press Dismiss.



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> Image Copying+
>



[To begin, press choose Copy of the Edit sub-menu from theCommand widget. Alternatively, press(F4 in the image window.

FA small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the imageFwindow. You are now in copy mode. In copy mode, the Command widget hasthese options:

    
  • Help
  • Dismiss


LTo define a copy region, press button 1 and drag. The copy region is definedFby a highlighted rectangle that expands or contracts as it follows theIpointer. Once you are satisfied with the copy region, release the button.JYou are now in rectify mode. In rectify mode, the Command widget has theseoptions:

    
  • Copy
  • Help
  • Dismiss


KYou can make adjustments by moving the pointer to one of the copy rectangleGcorners, pressing a button, and dragging. Finally, press Copy to commitCyour copy region. To exit without copying the image, press Dismiss.



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  &
>!Image Pasting+
>



\To begin, press choose Paste of the Edit sub-menu from theCommand widget. Alternatively, press(F5 in the image window.

FA small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the imageFwindow. You are now in Paste mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss.4In Paste mode, the Command widget has these options:

    
  • Operators
      
    • over
    • in
    • out
    • atop
    • xor
    • plus
    • minus
    • add
    • subtract
    • difference
    • multiply
    • bumpmap
    • replace
    
  • Help
  • Dismiss


PChoose a composite operation from the Operators sub-menu of theCommandOwidget. How each operator behaves is described below. image windowKis the image currently displayed on your X server and image is the,image obtained with the File Browser widget. !

. over+
y

NThe result is the union of the two image shapes, with image obscuring image7window in the region of overlap.
 !

. in+
y

7The result is simply image cut by the shape ofimage window.JNone of the image data of image window is in the result.
 !

. out+
y

7The resulting image is image with the shape ofimage windowcut out.
 !

. atop+
y

;The result is the same shape as image window, withimageIobscuring image window where the image shapes overlap. Note this6differs from over because the portion of image outsideimage window's6shape does not appear in the result.
 !

. xor+
y

9The result is the image data from both image andimage windowRthat is outside the overlap region. The overlap region is blank.
 !

. plus+
y

GThe result is just the sum of the image data. Output values are cropped\to 255 (no overflow). This operation is independent of the matte channels.
 !

. minus+
y

LThe result of image - image window, with underflow croppedTto zero. The matte channel is ignored (set to 255, full coverage).
 !

. add+
y

LThe result of image + image window, with overflow wrapping#around (mod 256).
 !

. subtract+
y

MThe result of image - image window, with underflow wrappingGaround (mod 256). The add and subtract operators can be used to perform-reversible transformations.
 !

. difference+
y

MThe result of abs(image - image window). This is useful for4comparing two very similar images.
 !

. multiply+
y

HThe result of image * image window. This is useful for/the creation of drop-shadows.
 !

. bumpmap+
y

PThe result of image window shaded by window.
 !

. replace+

The resulting image is image window replaced withimage.8Here the matte information is ignored.


HThe image compositor requires a matte, or alpha channel in the image forKsome operations. This extra channel usually defines a mask which representsGa sort of a cookie-cutter for the image. This is the case when matte isJ255 (full coverage) for pixels inside the shape, zero outside, and betweenHzero and 255 on the boundary. If image does not have a matte channel, itGis initialized with 0 for any pixel matching in color to pixel locationH(0,0), otherwise 255. See Matte Editing for a methodof defining a matte channel.

LNote that matte information for image window is not retained for colormappedRX server visuals (e.g. StaticColor, StaticColor, GrayScale, PseudoColor).*Correct compositing behavior may require a*TrueColor or DirectColor'visual or a Standard Colormap.

KChoosing a composite operator is optional. The default operator is replace.LHowever, you must choose a location to composite your image and press buttonI1. Press and hold the button before releasing and an outline of the image/will appear to help you identify your location.

GThe actual colors of the pasted image is saved. However, the color thatFappears in image window may be different. For example, on a monochromeFscreen image window will appear black or white even though your pastedIimage may have many colors. If the image is saved to a file it is writtenFwith the correct colors. To assure the correct colors are saved in thePfinal image, any PseudoClass image is promoted to DirectClass. To force a:PseudoClass image to remain PseudoClass,use -colors.



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  &
>!Image Cropping+
>



[To begin, press choose Crop of the Transform submenu from6the Command widget. Alternatively,0press [ in the image window.

FA small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the imageFwindow. You are now in crop mode. In crop mode, the Command widget hasthese options:

    
  • Help
  • Dismiss


ITo define a cropping region, press button 1 and drag. The cropping regionMis defined by a highlighted rectangle that expands or contracts as it followsIthe pointer. Once you are satisfied with the cropping region, release theHbutton. You are now in rectify mode. In rectify mode, the Command widgethas these options:

    
  • Crop
  • Help
  • Dismiss


OYou can make adjustments by moving the pointer to one of the cropping rectangleGcorners, pressing a button, and dragging. Finally, press Crop to commitHyour cropping region. To exit without cropping the image, press Dismiss.



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  &
>!Image Chopping+
>



GAn image is chopped interactively. There is no command line argument to`chop an image. To begin, choose Chop of the Transform sub-menu;from the Command widget. Alternatively,0press ] in the Image window.

EYou are now in Chop mode. To exit immediately, pressDismiss.3In Chop mode, the Command widget has these options:

    
  • Direction
      
    • horizontal
    • vertical
    
  • Help
  • Dismiss


JIf the you choose the horizontal direction (this is the default), the areaNof the image between the two horizontal endpoints of the chop line is removed.FOtherwise, the area of the image between the two vertical endpoints ofthe chop line is removed.

GSelect a location within the image window to begin your chop, press andIhold any button. Next, move the pointer to another location in the image.JAs you move a line will connect the initial location and the pointer. WhenGyou release the button, the area within the image to chop is determined6by which direction you choose from the Command widget.

ITo cancel the image chopping, move the pointer back to the starting point#of the line and release the button.



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  &
>!Image Rotation+
>



JPress the / key to rotate the image 90 degrees or \ to rotate -90 degrees.6To interactively choose the degree of rotation, chooseRotate...Vof the Transform submenu from the Command Widget.?Alternatively, press * in the image window.

KA small horizontal line is drawn next to the pointer. You are now in rotateLmode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss. In rotate mode, the Command widgethas these options:

  • Pixel Color
    • black
    • blue
    • cyan
    • green
    • gray
    • red
    • magenta
    • yellow
    • white
    • Browser...
    
  • Direction
      
    • horizontal
    • vertical
    
  • Help
  • Dismiss


NChoose a background color from the Pixel Color sub-menu. Additional backgroundGcolors can be specified with the color browser. You can change the menuHcolors by setting the X resources pen1 through pen9.

SIf you choose the color browser and press Grab, you can select theIbackground color by moving the pointer to the desired color on the screenand press any button.

HChoose a point in the image window and press this button and hold. Next,Nmove the pointer to another location in the image. As you move a line connectsFthe initial location and the pointer. When you release the button, theHdegree of image rotation is determined by the slope of the line you justJdrew. The slope is relative to the direction you choose from the Directionsub-menu of the Command widget.

ITo cancel the image rotation, move the pointer back to the starting point#of the line and release the button.



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  &
>%Image Segmentation+
>



[Choose Effects->Segment to segment an image by analyzing the histogramsGof the color components and identifying units that are homogeneous withKthe fuzzy c-means technique. The scale-space filter analyzes the histogramsKof the three color components of the image and identifies a set of classes.RThe extents of each class is used to coarsely segment the image with thresholding.GThe color associated with each class is determined by the mean color ofNall pixels within the extents of a particular class. Finally, any unclassifiedJpixels are assigned to the closest class with the fuzzy c-means technique.<

The fuzzy c-Means algorithm can be summarized as follows:

    
  • =Build a histogram, one for each color component of the image.
  • GFor each histogram, successively apply the scale-space filter and buildJan interval tree of zero crossings in the second derivative at each scale.JAnalyze this scale-space "fingerprint" to determine which peaks or valleys&in the histogram are most predominant.
  • MThe fingerprint defines intervals on the axis of the histogram. Each intervalJcontains either a minima or a maxima in the original signal. If each colorPcomponent lies within the maxima interval, that pixel is considered "classified"'and is assigned an unique class number.
  • GAny pixel that fails to be classified in the above thresholding pass isFclassified using the fuzzy c-Means technique. It is assigned to one of7the classes discovered in the histogram analysis phase.


FThe fuzzy c-Means technique attempts to cluster a pixel by finding theKlocal minima of the generalized within group sum of squared error objectivePfunction. A pixel is assigned to the closest class of which the fuzzy membershiphas a maximum value.

For additional information see:Y

Young Won Lim, Sang Uk Lee, "On The Color Image SegmentationOAlgorithm Based on the Thresholding and the Fuzzy c-Means Techniques",KPattern Recognition, Volume 23, Number 9, pages 935-952, 1990.

 



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  &
>#Image Annotation+
>



FAn image is annotated interactively. There is no command line argument&to annotate an image. To begin, choose.Annotate of the ImageREdit sub-menu from the Command widget. Alternatively,0press a in the image window.

FA small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the imageIwindow. You are now in annotate mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss.7In annotate mode, the Command widget has these options:

    
  • Font Name
      
    • fixed
    • variable
    • 5x8
    • 6x10
    • 7x13bold
    • 8x13bold
    • 9x15bold
    • 10x20
    • 12x24
    • Browser...
    
  • Font Color
      
    • black
    • blue
    • cyan
    • green
    • gray
    • red
    • magenta
    • yellow
    • white
    • transparent
    • Browser...
    
  • Box Color
      
    • black
    • blue
    • cyan
    • green
    • gray
    • red
    • magenta
    • yellow
    • white
    • transparent
    • Browser...
    
  • Rotate Text
      
    • -90
    • -45
    • -30
    • 0
    • 30
    • 45
    • 90
    • 180
    • Dialog...
    
  • Help
  • Dismiss


PChoose a font name from the Font Name sub-menu. Additional fontKnames can be specified with the font browser. You can change the menu namesCby setting the X resources font1 through font9.

RChoose a font color from the Font Color sub-menu. Additional fontGcolors can be specified with the color browser. You can change the menuHcolors by setting the X resources pen1 through pen9.

SIf you select the color browser and press Grab, you can choose theGfont color by moving the pointer to the desired color on the screen andpress any button.

SIf you choose to rotate the text, choose Rotate Text from the menuGand select an angle. Typically you will only want to rotate one line ofGtext at a time. Depending on the angle you choose, subsequent lines mayend up overwriting each other.

HChoosing a font and its color is optional. The default font is fixed andHthe default color is black. However, you must choose a location to beginHentering text and press a button. An underscore character will appear atGthe location of the pointer. The cursor changes to a pencil to indicate9you are in text mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss.

HIn text mode, any key presses will display the character at the locationHof the underscore and advance the underscore cursor. Enter your text andFonce completed press Apply to finish your image annotation. To correctQerrors press BACK SPACE. To delete an entire line of text, pressDELETE.IAny text that exceeds the boundaries of the image window is automaticallycontinued onto the next line.

IThe actual color you request for the font is saved in the image. However,Jthe color that appears in your Image window may be different. For example,Fon a monochrome screen the text will appear black or white even if youJchoose the color red as the font color. However, the image saved to a fileQwith -write is written with red lettering. To assure the correctIcolor text in the final image, any PseudoClass image is promotedLto DirectClass (see miff(5)). To force a PseudoClass image to remain3PseudoClass, use -colors.



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  &
>&Image Compositing+
>



MAn image composite is created interactively. There is no command lineWargument to composite an image. To begin, choose Composite of[the Image Edit from the Command widget. Alternatively,0press x in the Image window.

HFirst a popup window is displayed requesting you to enter an image name.jPress Composite, Grab or type a file name. Press CancelUif you choose not to create a composite image. When you choose Grab,<move the pointer to the desired window and press any button.

PIf the Composite image does not have any matte information, youGare informed and the file browser is displayed again. Enter the name ofGa mask image. The image is typically grayscale and the same size as theLcomposite image. If the image is not grayscale, it is converted to grayscale<and the resulting intensities are used as matte information.

FA small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the imageJwindow. You are now in composite mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss.8In composite mode, the Command widget has these options:

    
  • Operators
      
    • over
    • in
    • out
    • atop
    • xor
    • plus
    • minus
    • add
    • subtract
    • difference
    • bumpmap
    • replace
    
  • Blend
  • Displace
  • Help
  • Dismiss


GChoose a composite operation from the Operators sub-menu of the CommandIwidget. How each operator behaves is described below. image window is theJimage currently displayed on your X server and image is the image obtained !

. over+
y

NThe result is the union of the two image shapes, with image obscuring image7window in the region of overlap.
 !

. in+
y

7The result is simply image cut by the shape ofimage window.JNone of the image data of image window is in the result.
 !

. out+
y

7The resulting image is image with the shape ofimage windowcut out.
 !

. atop+
y

;The result is the same shape as image window, withimageIobscuring image window where the image shapes overlap. Note this6differs from over because the portion of image outsideimage window's6shape does not appear in the result.
 !

. xor+
y

9The result is the image data from both image andimage windowRthat is outside the overlap region. The overlap region is blank.
 !

. plus+
y

GThe result is just the sum of the image data. Output values are cropped\to 255 (no overflow). This operation is independent of the matte channels.
 !

. minus+
y

LThe result of image - image window, with underflow croppedTto zero. The matte channel is ignored (set to 255, full coverage).
 !

. add+
y

LThe result of image + image window, with overflow wrapping#around (mod 256).
 !

. subtract+
y

MThe result of image - image window, with underflow wrappingGaround (mod 256). The add and subtract operators can be used to perform-reversible transformations.
 !

. difference+
y

MThe result of abs(image - image window). This is useful for4comparing two very similar images.
 !

. bumpmap+
y

PThe result of image window shaded by window.
 !

. replace+
y

:The resulting image is image window replaced withimage.8Here the matte information is ignored.


HThe image compositor requires a matte, or alpha channel in the image forKsome operations. This extra channel usually defines a mask which representsGa sort of a cookie-cutter for the image. This is the case when matte isJ255 (full coverage) for pixels inside the shape, zero outside, and betweenHzero and 255 on the boundary. If image does not have a matte channel, itGis initialized with 0 for any pixel matching in color to pixel locationH(0,0), otherwise 255. See Matte Editing for a methodof defining a matte channel.

[If you choose blend, the composite operator becomes over.FThe image matte channel percent transparency is initialized to factor.JThe image window is initialized to (100-factor). Where factor is the value!you specify in the Dialog widget.

SDisplace shifts the image pixels as defined by a displacement map.MWith this option, image is used as a displacement map. Black, withinLthe displacement map, is a maximum positive displacement. White is a maximumLnegative displacement and middle gray is neutral. The displacement is scaledJto determine the pixel shift. By default, the displacement applies in both?the horizontal and vertical directions. However, if you specifymask,image$is the horizontal X displacement and*mask the vertical Y displacement.

LNote that matte information for image window is not retained for colormappedX server visuals (e.g.;StaticColor, StaticColor, GrayScale, PseudoColor).@Correct compositing behavior may require a TrueColor orDirectColor'visual or a Standard Colormap.

KChoosing a composite operator is optional. The default operator is replace.LHowever, you must choose a location to composite your image and press buttonI1. Press and hold the button before releasing and an outline of the image/will appear to help you identify your location.

JThe actual colors of the composite image is saved. However, the color thatFappears in image window may be different. For example, on a monochromeJscreen Image window will appear black or white even though your compositedIimage may have many colors. If the image is saved to a file it is writtenFwith the correct colors. To assure the correct colors are saved in theKfinal image, any PseudoClass image is promoted to DirectClass (seemiff).ETo force a PseudoClass image to remain PseudoClass,use -colors.



+Back to Contents  

  &
> Color Editing+
>



KChanging the the color of a set of pixels is performed interactively. ThereTis no command line argument to edit a pixel. To begin, choose ColorWfrom the Image Edit submenu of the Command widget.?Alternatively, press c in the image window.

FA small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image\window. You are now in color edit mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss.In color edit mode, the2Command widget has these options:

    
  • Method
      
    • point
    • replace
    • floodfill
    • reset
    
  • Pixel Color
      
    • black
    • blue
    • cyan
    • green
    • gray
    • red
    • magenta
    • yellow
    • white
    • Browser...
    
  • Border Color
      
    • black
    • blue
    • cyan
    • green
    • gray
    • red
    • magenta
    • yellow
    • white
    • Browser...
    
  • Fuzz
      
    • 0
    • 2
    • 4
    • 8
    • 16
    • Dialog...
    
  • Undo
  • Help
  • Dismiss


JChoose a color editing method from the Method sub-menu ofthe CommandRwidget. The point method recolors any pixel selected with theSpointer unless the button is released. The replace method recolorsFany pixel that matches the color of the pixel you select with a buttonRpress. Floodfill recolors any pixel that matches the color of the7pixel you select with a button press and is a neighbor.%Whereas filltoborderKchanges the matte value of any neighbor pixel that is not the border color.PFinally reset changes the entire image to the designated color.

UNext, choose a pixel color from the Pixel Color sub-menu. AdditionalHpixel colors can be specified with the color browser. You can change theGmenu colors by setting the X resources pen1 throughpen9.

FNow press button 1 to select a pixel within the Image window to changeIits color. Additional pixels may be recolored as prescribed by the method<you choose. additional pixels by increasing the Delta value.

RIf the Magnify widget is mapped, it can be helpful in positioningHyour pointer within the image (refer to button 2). Alternatively you canSselect a pixel to recolor from within the Magnify widget. Move theUpointer to the Magnify widget and position the pixel with the cursorTGcontrol keys. Finally, press a button to recolor the selected pixel (orcpixels).

mKThe actual color you request for the pixels is saved in the image. However,nJthe color that appears in your Image window may be different. For example,Gon a monochrome screen the pixel will appear black or white even if younFchoose the color red as the pixel color. However, the image saved to aHfile with -write is written with red pixels. To assure the correct colorCtext in the final image, any PseudoClass image is promotedlto DirectClassn/To force a PseudoClass image to remaini3PseudoClass, use -colors. 



+Back to Contents e  

  P&
> Matte Editing+
s>



eGMatte information within an image is useful for some operations such ashKimage compositing. This extra channel usually definesmHa mask which represents a sort of a cookie-cutter for the image. This isGthe case when matte is 255 (full coverage) for pixels inside the shape,r7zero outside, and between zero and 255 on the boundary.

FSetting the matte information in an image is done interactively. ThereXis no command line argument to edit a pixel. To begin, and choose MatteXof the Image Edit sub-menu from the Command widget.

t?Alternatively, press m in the image window.>

iFA small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the imageKwindow. You are now in matte edit mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss.09In matte edit mode, the Command widget has these options:.

    
  • Method 
      
    • point1
    • replacef
    • floodfillc
    • resetn
    o
  • Border Color=
      
    • blacke
    • blue
    • cyan
    • green/
    • gray
    • redd
    • magenta=
    • yellow
    • whited
    • Browser...
    3
  • Fuzz
      
    • 0>
    • 2/
    • 4
    • 8#
    • 16
    • Dialog...l
    h
  • Matte
  • Undo
  • Help 
  • Dismiss
mfChoose a matte editing method from the Method sub-menu of the CommandPwidget. The point method changes the matte value of the anyQpixel selected with the pointer until the button is released. The replaceoKmethod changes the matte value of any pixel that matches the colormSof the pixel you select with a button press. Floodfill changes thegGmatte value of any pixel that matches the color of the pixel you selecte.with a button press and is a neighbor. Whereas&filltoborder recolorsWany neighbor pixel that is not the border color. Finally reset changesn/the entire image to the designated matte value.U

Choose Matte Value and a dialog appears requesting a matte value.UEnter a value between 0 and 255. This value is assigned as the matte>&value of the selected pixel or pixels.L

Now, press any button to select a pixel within the Image window to changeGits matte value. You can change the matte value of additional pixels by=Jincreasing the Delta value. The Delta value is first added then subtractedHfrom the red, green, and blue of the target color. Any pixels within the*range also have their matte value updated.U

If the Magnify widget is mapped, it can be helpful in positioning=Hyour pointer within the image (refer to button 2). Alternatively you can8select a pixel to change the matte value from within the Magnify widget.SMove the pointer to the Magnify widget and position the pixel withMatte information is only valid in a DirectClass image. Therefore,-any PseudoClass image is promoted to1DirectClass. Note thatnJmatte information for PseudoClass is not retained for colormappedQX server visuals (e.g. StaticColor, StaticColor, GrayScale, PseudoColor)=Junless you immediately save your image to a file (refer to Write). CorrectOmatte editing behavior may require a TrueColor or DirectColorc'visual or a Standard Colormap.<



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  g&
> Image Drawing+
i>



iOAn image is drawn upon interactively. There is no command line argumentngto draw on an image. To begin, choose Draw of the Image Editi5sub-menu from the Command widget.a?Alternatively, press d in the image window.L

>FThe cursor changes to a crosshair to indicate you are in draw mode. ToKexit immediately, press Dismiss. In draw mode, the Command widget has thesetoptions:

    
  • Primitive
      
    • point"
    • line
    • rectanglen
    • fill rectangle
    • circle
    • fill circlea
    • ellipse>
    • fill ellipse
    • polygong
    • fill polygon
    L
  • Color
      
    • black"
    • blue
    • cyan
    • greenh
    • gray
    • red 
    • magentaS
    • yellow
    • white=
    • transparentg
    • Browser...
    e
  • Stipple
      
    • BrickS
    • Diagonal
    • Scales
    • Vertical
    • Wavy
    • Translucente
    • Opaque
    • Open...e
    
  • Width
      
    • 1p
    • 2e
    • 4g
    • 8i
    • 16
    • Dialog...u
    m
  • Undo/
  • Helpi
  • Dismiss
CHChoose a drawing primitive from the Primitive sub-menu.

CPNext, choose a color from the Color sub-menu. Additional colorsGcan be specified with the color browser. You can change the menu colorssQby setting the X resources pen1 through pen9. The transparentaJcolor updates the image matte channel and is useful for image compositing.

>SIf you choose the color browser and press Grab, you can select theiHprimitive color by moving the pointer to the desired color on the screenKand press any button. The transparent color updates the image matte channel"$and is useful for image compositing.

sXChoose a stipple, if appropriate, from the Stipple sub-menu. AdditionalGstipples can be specified with the file browser. Stipples obtained frome:the file browser must be on disk in the X11 bitmap format.

iQChoose a line width, if appropriate, from the Width sub-menu. To Bchoose a specific width select the Dialog widget.

aJChoose a point in the image window and press button 1 and hold. Next, moveJthe pointer to another location in the image. As you move, a line connectsFthe initial location and the pointer. When you release the button, theJimage is updated with the primitive you just drew. For polygons, the imageLis updated when you press and release the button without moving the pointer.

GTo cancel image drawing, move the pointer back to the starting point ofi the line and release the button.



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  e&
>%Region of Interest>+
.>



iITo begin, press choose Region of Interest of the Pixel Transform sub-menui,from the Command widget.?Alternatively, press R in the image window./

pFA small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the imageKwindow. You are now in region of interest mode. In region of interest mode,a%the Command widget has these options:t

    
  • Help
  • Dismiss
*

pFTo define a region of interest, press button 1 and drag. The region ofHinterest is defined by a highlighted rectangle that expands or contractsNas it follows the pointer. Once you are satisfied with the region of interest,Hrelease the button. You are now in apply mode. In apply mode the Commandwidget has these options:

    
  • FileL
      
    • Save...t
    • Print...
    
  • Editp
      
    • Undo
    • Redo
    i
  • Transform
      
    • Flip
    • Flop
    • Rotate Right
    • Rotate Left"
    e
  • Enhance
      
    • Hue...
    • Saturation...i
    • Brightness... 
    • Gamma...
    • Spiffa
    • Dull
    • Equalize
    • Normalizet
    • Negate
    • GRAYscaleb
    • Quantize...1
    
  • Effects
      
    • Despeckle/
    • Emboss
    • Reduce Noise
    • Add Noiseg
    • Sharpen...
    • Blur...v
    • Threshold...
    • Edge Detect...
    • Spread...N
    • Shade...
    • Raise...
    • Segment...
    /
b
    
  • F/X
      
    • Solarize...d
    • Swirl...
    • Implode...
    • Wave...
    • Oil Paint 
    • Charcoal Draw...
    x
w
    
  • Miscellanyo
      
    • Image Info
    • Zoom Image
    • Show Preview...o
    • Show Histogram
    • Show Matte
    p
  • Helpc
  • Dismiss
b

oHYou can make adjustments to the region of interest by moving the pointerJto one of the rectangle corners, pressing a button, and dragging. Finally,Lchoose an image processing technique from the Command widget. You can chooseLmore than one image processing technique to apply to an area. Alternatively,Lyou can move the region of interest before applying another image processing"technique. To exit, press Dismiss.



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  o&
> Image Panning+
>>



=IWhen an image exceeds the width or height of the X server screen, displaymFmaps a small panning icon. The rectangle within the panning icon showsJthe area that is currently displayed in the the image window. To pan aboutIthe image, press any button and drag the pointer within the panning icon.dHThe pan rectangle moves with the pointer and the image window is updatedFto reflect the location of the rectangle within the panning icon. WhenMyou have selected the area of the image you wish to view, release the button.h

FUse the arrow keys to pan the image one pixel up, down, left, or rightwithin the image window.

sNThe panning icon is withdrawn if the image becomes smaller than the dimensionsof the X server screen.



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  o&
>#User Preferencese+
k>



GWPreferences affect the default behavior of display(1). The preferencesR>are either true or false and are stored in your home directoryas .displayrc:z


:display image centered on a backdrop

KThis backdrop covers the entire workstation screen and is useful for hidingeJother X window activity while viewing the image. The color of the backdropNis specified as the background color. Refer to X Resourcesfor details.
B
-confirm on program exit

SAsk for a confirmation before exiting the display(1) program.
>
5correct image for display gamma
l
GIf the image has a known gamma, the gamma is corrected to match that ofaYthe X server (see the X Resource displayGamma).
e
Dapply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to image

LThe basic strategy of dithering is to trade intensity resolution for spatialFresolution by averaging the intensities of several neighboring pixels.FImages which suffer from severe contouring when reducing colors can be#improved with this preference.

Euse a shared colormap for colormapped X visuals
"
<This option only applies when the default X server visual isPseudoColorVor GRAYScale. Refer to -visual for more details. By default,Ma shared colormap is allocated. The image shares colors with other X clients.dFSome image colors could be approximated, therefore your image may lookGvery different than intended. Otherwise the image colors appear exactlyBGas they are defined. However, other clients may go technicolor when the>!image colormap is installed.
f
:display images as an X server pixmap

GImages are maintained as a XImage by default. Set this resource to True;Gto utilize a server Pixmap instead. This option is useful if your imageeFexceeds the dimensions of your server screen and you intend to pan theFimage. Panning is much faster with Pixmaps than with a XImage. PixmapsBare considered a precious resource, use them with discretion.

t


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  =&
>Environment+
=>

 =!

C.< DISPLAY"+

To get the default host, display number, and screen.
<


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  e&
>#Acknowledgements/+
t>



%OThe MIT X Consortium for making network transparent graphics areality.

=]Peder Langlo, Hewlett Packard, Norway, made hundreds of suggestions"Pand bug reports. Without Peder, ImageMagick would not be nearlyas useful as it is today.

tWRod Bogart and John W. Peterson, University of Utah.rIImage compositing is loosely based on rlecomp of the Utah Raster Toolkit.

eVMichael Halle, Spatial Imaging Group at MIT, for the initial8implementation of Alan Paeth's image rotation algorithm.

tUDavid Pensak, ImageMagick Studio, for providing a computingB,environment that made this program possible.

gPPaul Raveling, USC Information Sciences Institute. TheKspatial subdivision color reduction algorithm is based on his Img software.#



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  e&
>Authors+
a>



 John Cristy,Omagick-users@imagemagick.org,cImageMagick Studio LLC,
/Glenn Randers-Pehrson,=randeg@alum.rpi.edu,0ImageMagick Studio LLC.g

 




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  t&
>:height=14 width=15>Copyright+
i>



p6Copyright (C) 2002 ImageMagick Studio

wMPermission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtainingbKa copy of this software and associated documentation files ("ImageMagick"),CHto deal in ImageMagick without restriction, including without limitationHthe rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,Pand/or sell copies of ImageMagick, and to permit persons to whom the ImageMagickDis furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

eOThe above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included >in all copies or substantial portions of ImageMagick.

iOThe software is provided "as is", without warranty of any kind, express>Kor implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability,tFfitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement.In no event shallGImageMagick Studio be liable for any claim, damages or other liability,iFwhether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, outDof or in connection with ImageMagick or the use or other dealings inImageMagick. 

;Except as contained in this notice, the name of theaGImageMagick Studio LLC shall not be used in advertising or otherwise toiLpromote the sale, use or other dealings in ImageMagick without prior written3authorization from the ImageMagick Studio.4



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>

>9Image manipulation software that works like magic.g